Chapter 7 FITB Flashcards
The fundamental meaning of the term — in psychology is that of providing a standard against which to compare the effect of a particular variable
control
Experiments in which different groups of subjects experience different conditions are known as — Those in which each subject experiences every condition are known as — experiments
between-subjects experiments, within-subjects
The group in a between-subjects experiment that receives the treatment is
called the — the group that does not receive the treatment is called the —
experimental group, control group
In — experiments, the condition that does not contain the
experimental manipulation is called the control condition
within-subjects
It is not necessary to have a control group or a control condition in an experiment as long as there is some group or condition that can serve as a — for a particular experimental manipulation
comparison
A failure to confirm a — does not necessarily mean that the hypothesis is incorrect. It may indicate problems with the way that the experiment was carried out
hypothesis
All variables should be held constant across groups or conditions except for the manipulation of the —
independent variable
A second meaning of the term control is the ability to restrain or guide sources of variability in research. This meaning is captured in the term —
experimental control
There are three general strategies for achieving control in research: —
using a laboratory setting,
considering the research setting as a preparation,
and instrumenting the response
— is defined not by the use of a particular kind of
room but by the ability to control the important sources of variability in the research setting
Laboratory research
The concept of a — emphasizes choosing the best possible research situation in which to test a hypothesis
preparation
Instrumentation of the response refers to the means of measuring the — . Careful measurement renders responses objective and may even be thought of as creating responses
dependent variables
Specific control strategies include —
using subjects as their own controls,
randomizing, matching, building nuisance variables into the experiment,
and using statistical control
Subjects may be used as their own — when doing so is logically possible, when serving in all conditions will not destroy their naiveté, and when there will not be serious contrast effects between conditions
controls
The allocation of subjects to conditions is — when each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to every condition.
random
— may be used when an important variable on which subjects differ is correlated with the dependent variable and where it is feasible to present a pretest to the subjects
Matching
— that cannot easily be removed from the experiment
may be controlled for by making them independent variables in the experiment
Nuisance variables
— may be thought of broadly as synonymous with inferential statistics. More narrowly, statistical control involves equating subjects on paper by means of the analysis of covariance
Statistical control
One of the most important means of control is the — of an experiment. Direct — is repeating essentially the same experiment. Systematic — is doing a different experiment in which certain results should be found if the original experiments were valid.
replication, replication
Controlling the sources of invalidity is essentially a matter of solving problems. When the problems are solved, the experiment is designed. The goal of a researcher is to design the most elegant experiment that will answer the questions of interest and will deal with the problems of —.
validity
The choice of — is dictated by factors such as the exact hypothesis to be tested, the methods that are standard in the particular field, and practical considerations.
method
The number of subjects to be used depends on the size of the effect and the anticipated variability of the data. The — of the experiment increases proportionately with the square root of the number of subjects.
power
