Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When two different variables of a person (e.g., height and weight) change together, these two variables are said to be:

Select one:

a. matching.
b. confounded.
c. correlated.
d. redundant.

A

c. correlated.

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2
Q

A study of existing records is called ____________ research.

Select one:

a. survey
b. naturalistic
c. observational
d. archival

A

d. archival

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3
Q

In a case-study, the researcher:

Select one:

a. generally uses a single, reliable method of data collection.
b. usually establishes the problem and hypothesis in advance.
c. investigates a real-life problem within its real-life context.
d. establishes clear boundaries between the phenomenon and the context in which the phenomenon takes place.

A

c. investigates a real-life problem within its real-life context.

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4
Q

An effective method of increasing the reliability of content analysis is to use:

Select one:

a. a standardized coding scheme.
b. a single coder to interpret the data.
c. two or more coders to interpret the data.
d. both a standardized coding scheme, and two or more coders to interpret the data.

A

d. both a standardized coding scheme, and two or more coders to interpret the data.

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5
Q

Which of the following survey methods is best for getting information about highly personal or embarrassing topics?

Select one:

a. mail survey
b. personal interview
c. telephone survey
d. any of the above

A

a. mail survey

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6
Q

A respondent agrees to both the statements “I like spinach” and “I don’t like spinach.” This is an example of the effect of:

Select one:

a. acquiescence.
b. a respondent bias.
c. demand characteristics.
d. accommodation.

A

a. acquiescence.

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7
Q

It is important that the alternatives to a closed-ended question in a questionnaire be:

Select one:

a. mutually exclusive.
b. exhaustive.
c. mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
d. either mutually exclusive or exhaustive.

A

c. mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

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8
Q

Probability sampling is to ____________ as non-probability sampling is to _____________.

Select one:

a. simple random sampling; purposive sampling
b. stratified random sampling; cluster sampling
c. purposive sampling; haphazard sampling
d. purposive sampling; systematic sampling

A

a. simple random sampling; purposive sampling

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9
Q

Which one of the following is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?

Select one:

a. withdrawing the treatment
b. repeating treatments
c. using multiple baselines
d. changing more than one variable at a time

A

d. changing more than one variable at a time

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10
Q

The purpose of a baseline measurement is to:

Select one:

a. establish the current level of behaviour.
b. evaluate the reliability of the measure.
c. establish that recording instruments are working properly.
d. demonstrate the treatment effect.

A

a. establish the current level of behaviour.

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11
Q

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using open-ended questions with using closed-ended questions in survey research. (3 points)

A

Advantages of open-ended questions:

  • these kinds of questions make it more probable that the researchers will stumble upon some facet that they hadn’t originally thought of when conceiving the questionnaire
  • it is very useful in pilot studies or other preliminary studies that may use smaller samples
  • later on these open-ended questions can be refined into closed-ended questions, which would allow for easier date encoding
  • useful when there is not too much info to encode
  • useful when the subject matter is difficult to narrow into a set of 4 alternatives
  • potential to be more satisfying answers providing an overarching sense of completeness
  • Disdvantages of open ended questions:
  • the nature of answers that are more elaborate and sprawling makes it difficult to code
  • researchers may have to break a cardinal rule of deciding in advance what they are looking for in the answers
  • some people may find the process more taxing and laborious and have a difficult time articulating their answers
  • this may lead to lower participation/respondent rate
  • Advantages of closed-ended questions
  • they are easier to code and analyze than open-ended questions
  • respondents don’t have to think too hard about the answers as all alternatives are presented on the page
  • respondents do not need to craft articulate answers
  • can be far less time consuming encouraging higher rate of participation as a result
  • disadvantages of closed-ended questions:
  • might be difficult to reduce subject matter to neatly phrased closed-ended questions, so certain subjects may not be able to be covered by such questions
  • tends to suggest alternatives that the participants may never have considered so they tend to do the thinking for the participants in a non-productive way
  • may be more difficult to navigate researcher bias in how the questions are worded and also in that there are a set number of answers
  • more difficult to assess when a person has not understood the question as there is less information to go on
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12
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mailed-out questionnaire surveys and using telephone surveys. (3 points)

A

advantages of mailed-out survey

  • inexpensive
  • no chance that the researcher or interviewer will bias the findings
  • reduced chance of role demands affecting results
  • useful in cases of acquiring info about intimate, personal or embarrassing subjects

disadvantages of mailed-out survey

  • the questions need to be very clear and easy to answer
  • no control over what order the questions are answered in
  • no ability to explain the questions if they are not understood
  • no control as to who truly answers the questions - they may be handed off to the children instead of the adults
  • there may be a skew in the types of people who respond: people more likely to respond to surveys may have a particular personality quality which would slant the research data and make it non-representative of the greater population
  • low response rate

advantages of telephone survey

  • ability to have a rapport with respondents
  • instant answers, no need to wait for the answers to return in the mail
  • efficient and faster way to get through the questions
  • can monitor if the interviewers are doing what they are supposed to be doing
  • economically viable
  • interviewers may be able to use computers as they ask the questions, which could be useful for things like branching items

disadvantages of telephone survey

  • more viable for short and easy to accomplish surveys
  • interviewer may bias the participants answer - may influence them in one way or another
  • many people don’t like being disturbed to answer a survey, especially at dinner time, when these surveys happen often
  • not quite as anonymous, so people may be hesitant to share personal, intimate details with a stranger
  • role demands may play a role since there is a rapport and subjects may want to appear helpful
  • appropriate sampling is difficult since people on cell-phones can be anywhere
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