Chapter 8 FITB

Question 1

Nonexperimental research has two main characteristics:

Answer 1

No attempt is made to manipulate an independent variable, and some degree of control often must be forfeited during the data collection procedure

Question 2

Although nonexperimental research is called — research, all research is — in that it seeks to find — between variables

Answer 2

correlational, correlational, relationships

Question 3

Nonexperimental research methods include

Answer 3

observational, archival, case study, and survey

Question 4

The hermeneutic approach to understanding behavior attempts to discover reasons for behavior, rather than causes. It is based on techniques of —

Answer 4

textual interpretation

Question 5

Observational research involves recording a subject’s behavior without attempting to —

Answer 5

influence it

Question 6

Naturalistic observation involves recording a subject’s behavior in such a way that the behavior is not disturbed by the process of making the observation. Other 2 terms for this are

Answer 6

unobtrusive research and nonreactive research

Question 7

Physical trace research is a kind of naturalistic observation that uses — of behavior

Answer 7

physical evidence

Question 8

— research is useful in studying small, little-known groups that are not generally open to public view. Observers join the group, take the point of view of the members, and record their observations

Answer 8

Participant-observer

Question 9

— poses an ethical problem in participant-observer research. A practical problem is the likelihood that the researcher may influence the group as well as observe it

Answer 9

Invasion of privacy

Question 10

— involves the examination of existing records.

Advantages are —

Disadvantages are —

Answer 10

Archival research

that the data do not need to be collected by the researcher and that the research afforded may be on problems not amenable to experimentation.

that the researcher is limited to the types of questions asked by the agency that collected the data and by any biases present in the collection procedure

Question 11

— are ad hoc studies of existing situations that are based on a single individual or group of individuals. — take many forms and cannot be neatly classified

Answer 11

Case studies

Question 12

Theory development and testing are more flexible and inductive in obser- vational and archival research than in —

Answer 12

experimental research

Question 13

Observational and case-study researchers must be systematic in making — but often need to be selective in what they record

Answer 13

field notes

Question 14

— content is the objectively measurable content of a text. — content is the content as interpreted by a researcher

Answer 14

Manifest, Latent

Question 15

The procedure of a study consists of the steps taken to carry out the method and —

Answer 15

design of the study

Question 16

It is advisable to conduct a — before doing the main study

Answer 16

pilot study

Question 17

The data should be carefully — so that they can be understood

long after the study is completed

Answer 17

managed