Chapter 6 FITB

Question 1

A conclusion based on research is — when it corresponds to the actual state of the world

Answer 1

valid

Question 2

Four types of research validity are commonly recognized:

Answer 2

internal validity,
construct validity,
external validity, and
statistical conclusion validity

Question 3

An investigation has internal validity if a — relationship actually exists between the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 3

cause-effect

Question 4

— occurs when the effects of two independent variables in an experiment cannot be separately evaluated

Answer 4

Confounding

Question 5

— concerns the question of whether the results support

the theory behind the research.

Answer 5

Construct validity

Question 6

Every experiment tests — in addition to the main
hypothesis. These — are that particular conditions of the experiment are valid measures of the theoretical concepts the experiment is testing

Answer 6

auxiliary hypotheses , auxiliary hypotheses

Question 7

External validity concerns whether the results of the research can be — to another situation: different subjects, settings, times, and so forth.

Answer 7

generalized

Question 8

Statistical conclusion validity concerns the proper usage of statistics. It addresses whether the observed relationship is a true cause-effect relationship or is —

Answer 8

accidental

Question 9

Threats to the internal validity of an experiment include —

Answer 9

ambiguous temporal precedence, 
events outside the laboratory, 
maturation, 
effects of testing, 
regression effect, 
selection, and mortality

Question 10

The — effect occurs when subjects are tested on related measures and there is error in the measurement. Individuals who performed at the extremes on one measure will tend to score closer to the mean on the other

Answer 10

regression

Question 11

Threats to construct validity include a loose connection between — and the ambiguous effect of independent variables

Answer 11

theory and experiment

Question 12

Among the problems that cause an — effect of the independent variables is the tendency for participants to interpret conditions differently from the experimenter.

Answer 12

ambiguous

Question 13

Threats to — include problems arising from generalizing to other subjects, other times, or other settings.

Answer 13

external validity

Question 14

Threats to — validity include problems arising from a

lack of power and inaccurate estimation of effect size

Answer 14

statistical conclusion

Question 15

Certain of these — are more prominent in particular types

of research than in others

Answer 15

threats to validity

Question 16

Psychology experiments may be considered social situations with their own role demands that may interfere with the purpose of the study, eliciting effects such as the — and evaluation apprehension

Answer 16

good-subject tendency

Question 17

Ways of preventing — from biasing experimental results include inventing a cover story that deceives the participant about the purpose of the experiment, dividing the experiment in such a way that part of the data are collected in another setting, using measures that are unlikely to be influenced by the participant’s expectations, and keeping the participant unaware that an experiment is being conducted.

Answer 17

role demands

Question 18

—- can be reduced by keeping the experimenter from

knowing the conditions in the experiment or its purpose and by stan- dardizing the procedure as much as possible.

Answer 18

Experimenter bias