Chapter 5 FITB

Question 1

A — is some property of an event in the world that has been measured

Answer 1

variable

Question 2

A — is a measure, either results of a test or of the

behavior of a subject on one of several different dimensions

Answer 2

dependent variable

Question 3

An — is one that is believed to cause some change in the value of the dependent variable

Answer 3

independent variable

Question 4

The different values of an independent variable are called the —

Answer 4

levels of the variable

Question 5

A — is an independent variable that the researcher does not manipulate, but measures instead

Answer 5

subject variable

Question 6

A — is one that varies with the independent variable

Answer 6

confounded variable

Question 7

— variables vary in amount, whereas — variables differ in kind.

Answer 7

Quantitative, categorical

Question 8

A — is one that is not limited to a certain number of values

Answer 8

continuous variable

Question 9

A — is one that falls into a certain number of distinct bins

Answer 9

discrete variable

Question 10

The — of a number are the point indicated by the number itself; the — are the interval defined by the number plus or minus half the difference to the next numbers

Answer 10

apparent limits, real limits

Question 11

— is the assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules that permit important properties of the objects or events to be represented by properties of the number system

Answer 11

Measurement

Question 12

Four scales of measurement are distinguished according to the rules by which numbers are assigned to objects or events:

Answer 12

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

Question 13

A — is one that classifies objects or events into categories. Objects or events of the same kind get the same number and different objects or events get different numbers

Answer 13

nominal scale

Question 14

An — is one that ranks objects or events in order of their magnitude. The ordinal position of the numbers on the scale must represent the rank order of the psychological attributes of the objects or events

Answer 14

ordinal scale

Question 15

An — is one in which the differences between the numbers on the scale are meaningful. Equal differences between the numbers on the scale must represent equal differences between the event or objects

Answer 15

interval scale

Question 16

A — is one that has a meaningful zero point as well as meaningful differences between the numbers on the scale. The ratios between the numbers on the scale must represent the ratios between the events or objects

Answer 16

ratio scale

Question 17

We are able to gain more information from the data as we progress from —

Answer 17

nominal to ordinal to interval to ratio scales

Question 18

Knowing the type of scale that data are measured on (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio) is important to avoid —

Answer 18

drawing incorrect conclusions from the data

Question 19

Measurements must be both —

Answer 19

reliable and valid

Question 20

Four types of validity of measurements are commonly recognized: —

Answer 20

construct validity,
face validity,
content validity, and
criterion validity

Question 21

— is variability in the response that is not associated with the independent variable

Answer 21

Error variance (or random error)

Question 22

— is caused by a measurement bias

Answer 22

Systematic error

Question 23

The choice of stimulus values is guided by four principles

Answer 23

a. The stimuli should cover as much of the range as possible.
b. They should be close enough together to prevent overlooking interest-
ing effects between stimuli.
c. In within-subjects studies, at least seven stimuli should be presented if
possible.
d. If the continuum is quantitative, logarithmically spacing the stimuli
may be advisable.