Chapter 13 FITB

Question 1

The boundaries between true experiments, quasi experiments, and non- experiments are not sharp; the distinctions are based on the — that the researcher is able to maintain

Answer 1

relative amount of control

Question 2

— may be performed when a true experiment would be impossible or when the advantages of a — outweigh its disadvantages

Answer 2

Quasi experiments , quasi experiment

Question 3

The most common quasi-experimental situation is to have — . Such experiments are sometimes uninterpretable, depending on the pattern of results

Answer 3

nonequivalent control groups

Question 4

Quasi-experimental designs often have less – validity and greater — validity than true experimental designs

Answer 4

internal, external

Question 5

— designs consider the trend of the data before and after some manipulation in a study with no control group. The ideal situation is to have a stable baseline before the manipulation, followed by an abrupt or gradual change to a new stable level

Answer 5

Interrupted time-series

Question 6

— designs improve on the validity of an experiment by presenting the treatment more than once. The ideal result is for each pre- sentation of the treatment to produce a change in the same direction, with a reversal of the effect when the treatment is removed

Answer 6

Repeated-treatment

Question 7

One prominent area of psychology that uses quasi-experimental methods is developmental, where time is a variable and — control groups are used

Answer 7

nonequivalent

Question 8

— designs study individuals of different ages at the same time but have the problem of —

Answer 8

Cross-sectional, cohort effects

Question 9

— designs study the same individuals over time but have the problem of —

Answer 9

Longitudinal, secular trends

Question 10

— designs attempt to get around the problems of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs by combining features of both. The time- lag effect compares subjects who are of a given age at different times

Answer 10

Cross-sequential

Question 11

— is a set of techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of a social service program

Answer 11

Program evaluation

Question 12

Some sources of resistance to program evaluation are:

Answer 12

fear that the program will be terminated,

fear of losing control of the program,

and fear that information will be abused or that wrong measures will be used;

belief that evaluation is pointless;

and hopes that are too high

Question 13

In planning an evaluation, the evaluators should identify the stake-holders, arrange preliminary meetings, decide whether an evaluation should be done, examine the literature, determine the —, and present a written proposal

Answer 13

methodology

Question 14

— evaluations are aimed at improving a program while it is ongoing;

Answer 14

Formative

Question 15

— evaluations evaluate the quality of the program, often after it is completed

Answer 15

summative