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[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting > QUIZLET Unit 1 - Intro to Pharmacology (pom75) > Flashcards

QUIZLET Unit 1 - Intro to Pharmacology (pom75) Flashcards

pom75

1
Q

body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems, especially by binding to regulatory molecules (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Body of knowledge where pharmacology originated

A

Botany

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3
Q

True or False

Drugs can either activate or inhibit a body process.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False

With the advancement of technology, drug production has greatly evolved from natural (plant-based) to a lot of synthetic products.

A

True

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5
Q

Improperly used drugs result to what type of effect?

A

Toxic effects

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6
Q

Emphasizes the therapeutic or “good effects” of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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7
Q

Effect of the drug to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

Focuses on the adverse effects of drugs

A

Toxicology

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8
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention (vitamins or vaccines), diagnosis (some drugs can differentiate disease entities, such as naproxen test), and treatment of disease, especially in humans.

A

Medical Pharmacology

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8
Q

Effect of body on the drugs

How the body manages the drug, if it will be excreted or absorbed

A

Pharmacokinetics

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8
Q

True or False?

The drug could reach its target receptors, whether that is its intended receptor (therapeutic effects) or the unintended.

A

True

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9
Q

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

A

Receptor

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9
Q

Area of knowledge that focuses on what happens when the drug is excreted from our body or is thrown into the environment.

A

Environmental Pharmacology

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9
Q

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs and identifies certain receptors

A

Pharmacogenomics

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9
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

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10
Q

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic
function through chemical actions.

A

Drug

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10
Q

Why individuals react differently with the same drug

A

Pharmacogenetics

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10
Q

Molecular weight (MW) of most drugs

A

Between 100-1000

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11
Q

Chemical substances that are completely foreign, meaning there is no similar composition of this specific chemical composition within our body

Not synthesized by the body

A

Xenobiotics

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11
Q

Drugs with 100 MW

A

For selective binding

Reason: It has a smaller receptor; hence, larger particles will not readily attach to it.

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11
Q

T/F

Drugs are given at a site proximal from the intended site of action, but it eventually reaches their intended site of action.

A

False

distant from the intended site of action dapat

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12
Q

Drugs with 1,000 MW

A

For traversing to different barriers of the bofy

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12
Q

Drugs with >1,000 MW are given where?

A

Directly at the site of action

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12
Q

Affects the movement of drugs from one compartment to another.

A

Drug size and molecular weight

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13
Q

Drugs with >1,000 MW

A

Cannot move within the body

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13
Q

Precursor to pharmacology

A

Materia medica

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14
Q

True or False

Most drugs are ACHIRAL

A

false

All drugs are chiral and exist in enantiomeric paors

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14
Q

Science of drug preparation and medical use of drug

A

Materia medica

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15
Q

Determines the duration of action

A

Drug Receptor Bonds

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16
Q

Chemical forces or bonds through which the drug
interacts with the receptors

A

Drug Receptor Bonds

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16
Q

True or False

Weaker bonds are more selective bonds

A

True

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17
Q

Are electrostatic bonds weaker than covalent bonds?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Strongest and irreversible type of drug receptor bonds

A

Covalent

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17
Q

Most common drug receptor bond that is also based on difference of charges

A

Electrostatic bonds

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18
Q

Weakest among the drug receptor bonds

A

Hydrophobic bonds

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18
Q

Pharmacokinetic principles

A

ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination)

Prodrug

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19
Q

Binds to and activates the receptor

A

agonist

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19
Q

Activates receptor-effector system to the maximum extent (Ra-D pool){activated form}

A

Full Agonist

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19
Q

Pharmacodynamic principles

A

Agonists, Antagonists Constitutive Activity, Allosteric modulators

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20
Q

Binds to the same receptors and activate them in the same way but do not evoke the maximum response

A

Partial agonist

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20
Q

True or False

When an agonist is present, it can activate the receptor-effector system

A

True

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21
Q

Effect of inverse agonist on the constitutive activity

Increase, Decrease, Maintain

A

Decrease

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21
Q

Binds to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecule

A

Antagonist

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21
Q

Drug has a stronger affinity for the Ri pool (nonfunctional form)

A

Inverse agonist

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21
Q

An agonist that results in effects that are opposite of the
effects produced by conventional agonists

A

Inverse Agonist

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22
Q

Effect of antagonist on the constitutive activity

Increase, Decrease, Maintain

A

Maintain

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22
Q

Does constitutive activity occur in the presence or absence of the agonist

A

ABSENCE

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23
Q

Some of the receptor pool must exist in Ra (active) form even without a ligand or drug attaching to it

A

Constitutive activity

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24
Q

Binds to a site on the receptor molecule separate from the agonist binding site

A

Allosteric modulators

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24
Q

Are allosteric modulators competitive or non-competitive?

A

Non-competitive

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25
Q

Movement of molecules through the watery extracellular and intracellular space

A

Aqueous Diffusion

25
Q

An allosteric modulator that increases the response to agonis

A

Allosteric activator

26
Q

An inactive precursor that must be administered and converted to the active drug by biologic process inside the body

A

Prodrug

26
Q

An allosteric modulator that decreases the response to agonist

A

Allosteric inhibitor

26
Q

Is there an increase or decrease in response when an ANTAGONIST is bound to the receptor?

A

NEITHER.

There will be NO change in response. Constitutive activity is maintained.

26
Q

Allosteric modulators bind to a different binding site? True or false

A

True

26
Q

True or False

Not all drugs have allosteric modulators

A

True

26
Q

Movement of drug molecules into and within the biologic environment

A

Permeation

27
Q

Most important limiting factor for drug permeation

A

Lipid Diffusion

27
Q

Movement of molecules through membranes and other lipid structures

A

Lipid Diffusion

27
Q

governed by Fick’s law

A

Aqueous diffusion, Lipid diffusion

28
Q

Drugs transported across barriers by mechanisms that carry similar endogenous substances (amino acid, peptides, glucose)

A

Transport by Special Carriers

28
Q

These are receptors with no discovered ligands:

A

orphan receptors

28
Q

True or False

Partial agonists have low intrinsic efficacy

A

True

28
Q

Mechanism by which Vitamin B12 and Iron with transferrin are absorbed in cells

A

Endocytosis

29
Q

Allosteric inhibition can be overcome by increasing the dose of agonist.

A

False

29
Q

T/F

Action of antagonists/inhibitors can be overcome by increasing the dosage of the agonist

A

True

30
Q

Mechanism by which neurotransmitters are released

A

Exocytosis

30
Q

Law that predicts the movement of molecules across a barrier

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

31
Q

True or False

Drug absorption is faster in organs with larger surface areas (eg, small intestine) than from organs with smaller absorbing areas (eg, stomach)

A

True

31
Q

True or False

Drug absorption is faster from organs with thin membrane barriers (eg, lungs) than those with thick barriers (eg, skin)

A

True

32
Q

Aqueous solubility of a drug is a function of the __________ (degree of ionization, polarity) of the molecule

A

electrostatic charge

32
Q

The concentration difference is ______ proportional to the rate of permeation of the drug.

Directly or Inversely

A

Directly

(the higher the concentration difference in the different compartments, the faster is the rate of permeation)

32
Q

This is a fixed value, a measure of the mobility of the drug in the medium of the diffusion path. It is an intrinsic factor property of the drug

A

Permeability coefficient

32
Q

Thickness is _____ proportional to permeation

A

Inversely

(the thicker the membrane, the slower the permeation)

32
Q

true or false

pH of the medium determines the fraction of molecules charged (ionized) versus uncharged
(nonionized)

A

true

33
Q

T/F

The more polar, the harder to traverse through the lipid membrane.

A

True

34
Q

Water molecules are attracted to charged drug molecules which forms?

A

An aqueous shell around them

35
Q

Many drugs are weak acids and bases?

T/F

A

true

36
Q

Neutral, more lipid-soluble form of WA and WB

A

Protonated weak acid

Unprotonated weak base

37
Q

Neutral molecule that can form a cation (+ charged) by combining with a proton (hydrogen ion)

A

Weak base

38
Q

Neutral molecule that can reversibly dissociate into an anion (- charged) and a proton (hydrogen ion)

A

Weak acid

39
Q

Which is more polar? WA or WB

A

WB (therefore it is more ionized)

40
Q

Nitrogen atom of a neutral amine has how many atoms and pair/s of unshared electrons?

A

3 atoms and 1 pair of unshared electrons

41
Q

Amount absorbed into the systemic circulation of the amount of drug administered

A

Bioavailability

42
Q

First pass effect is avoided in what routes of administration?

A

IV
IM
Sub Q (Subcutaneous)

43
Q

Route of administration where there is partial avoidance of the first pass effect

A

Rectal (Suppository)

44
Q

Route of administration where delivery is closest to the target tissue and results to rapid absorption

A

Inhalation

45
Q

Application to the skin or mucous membrane of the eye, nose, throat, airway, or vagina for local effect

A

Topical

45
Q

Application to the skin for systemic effect

Ex. Nicotine patch

A

transdermal

46
Q

Route of administration where Rate of absorption occurs very slowly

A

transdermal

47
Q

T/F

High blood flow = maximized absorption

A

True

48
Q

Weak basic drugs are excreted faster in alkaline urine.

A

False

Weak basic drugs are excreted faster in acidic urine

49
Q

Induced dipole interactions between the drug and its receptor:

Electrostatic
Covalent
Hydrophobic
None of the choices

A

Electrostatic

50
Q

Plays a major role in deciding whether that drug is appropriate therapy for a particular symptom or disease

PK or PD?

A

Pharmacodynamics

51
Q

Important in the choice of administration of a particular drug for a particular patient

PK or PD

A

Pharmacokinetics

52
Q

Drug receptor interactions exhibited by lipid-soluble drugs

Covalent
Electrostatic
Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic

53
Q

T/F

Quaternary amines are permanently charged thus are always water soluble

A

True

54
Q

T/F

Quaternary amines are permanently charged thus are always lipid soluble

A

false

55
Q

Concerned with the mechanism of action

PK or PD

A

Pharmacodynamics

56
Q

Determines the group in which the drug is classified

PK or PD

A

Pharmacodynamics

57
Q

Drug molecules that are bound to plasma proteins can permeate aqueous pores.

True or false

A

False

58
Q

Transport of drugs that use special carriers can be saturated and inhibited.

T/F

A

True

59
Q

Makes possible the calculation of loading and
maintenance doses being given to patients

A

pharmacokinetics

60
Q

basic principles of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

61
Q

what will dictate the pharmacological effect?

A

drug concentration at site of action

62
Q

movement of the drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream (being the plasma)

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

A

absorption

63
Q

drug metabolism and elimination can be collectively known as

A

drug clearance

64
Q

Drug absorption is dependent on

A

route of administration
patient factors
drug properties
formulations

65
Q

Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) is reached when?

A

drug absorption rate = drug clearance rate

66
Q
  1. drug absorption rate 2. peak time

directly proportional
inversely proportional
no relationship

A

directly proportional

67
Q

Bioavailability is computed by

A

Area Under (“plasma concentration vs time”) Curve or AUC

68
Q

Unique for a particular drug in a particular patient

A

effective drug concentration

69
Q

Space in the body that will contain a particular amount of drug

A

volume of distribution (Vd)

70
Q

Ability of the body to eliminate the drug

A

clearance (CL)

71
Q

Measure of apparent space in the body available to contain the drug

A

volume of distribution (Vd)

72
Q

Amount of drug in the body to the plasma/serum concentration

A

volume of distribution (Vd)

73
Q

when a lot of the drug is bounded to the peripheral tissues, there will be ____ amount of drug in the plasma

A

lesser

74
Q

when there is high drug concentration found in the extravascular compartments of the body, the drug has a greater volume of _____

A

distribution

75
Q

When drugs are binded to the plasma proteins, diffusion is much more limited

true
false

A

true

76
Q

Clearance (CL) is dependent on

A

drug
organs of elimination of the patient
blood flow

77
Q

rate of elimination compared to plasma concentration

A

clearance

78
Q
  1. rate of drug elimination
  2. drug concentration

directly proportional
inversely proportional
no relationship

A

directly proportional

79
Q

Drugs in the zero order kinetics

A

PAA
Phenytoin
Alcohol
Aspirin

80
Q

Elimination rate is constant

First-order elimination
Zero-order elimination

A

Zero-order elimination

81
Q

time required for the amount of drug to fall by 50%

A

half-life

82
Q

state wherein rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of drug elimination

A

steady state

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting (23 decks)

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