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[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting > Intro 1-4 > Flashcards

Intro 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

introduce rational methods into medicine, but none was successful owing to the dominance of systems of thought (“schools”)

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A
  • 1500 YEARS AGO
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2
Q

observation and experimentation began to replace theorizing in physiology and clinical medicine

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

END OF 17TH CENTURY

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3
Q

Materia medica

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

END OF 17TH CENTURY

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4
Q

END OF 17TH CENTURY:

mechanisms of actions of drugs was prevented due to:

A

○ Absence of methods to purify active agents from crude materials
○ Lack of methods for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions

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5
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

developed methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology

A

Francois Magendie and his student Claude Bernard

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6
Q

laid the foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and cellular levels

A

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES

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7
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

These advances were also accompanied by unscientific claims by manufacturers and marketers of worthless “_________”

A

patent medicines

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8
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

Introduction of rational therapeutics (______) about 60 years ago help evaluate therapeutic claims

A

controlled clinical trial

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9
Q

Use of receptor identification methods led to the discovery of orphan receptors

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

1940s AND 1950s

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10
Q

Receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed

A

orphan receptors

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11
Q

T/F: Receptors and effectors do not function in isolation; they are strongly influenced by other receptors and by companion regulatory proteins

A

true

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12
Q

short nucleotide chains

A

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

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13
Q

short nucleotide chains that synthesized to be complementary to natural RNA or DNA, can interfere with the readout of genes and the transcription of RNA

A

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

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14
Q

The discovery that small segments of RNA can interfere with protein synthesis with extreme selectivity has led to investigation of ______ and _____

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutic agents

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15
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

T/F: All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic

A

TRUE

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16
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

Chemicals in botanicals like _______ are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals

A

herbs and plant extracts

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17
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

All _____ supplements and all _____ promoted as health enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies

A

dietary and therapies

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18
Q

Body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Pharmacology

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19
Q

Pharmacology is by binding to ________ (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

A

regulatory molecules

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20
Q

Pharmacology and toxicology are ______.

A

intertwined

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21
Q

chemical substances that are able to affect our function or physiology

A

Pharmacology

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22
Q

it is how the drug is introduced to our body or system

A

Pharmacokinetics

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23
Q

The end of pharmacokinetics is that the
drug will be able to reach or bind with its
target receptor

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
A

Pharmacokinetics

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24
Q

On the other hand, once the drug binds to its
receptor, it will produce its effect, and this is the realm of ______.

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacodynamics

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25
Q

studies the effect of the drug to the body

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacodynamics

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26
Q

Drugs are produced to give the intended effects which are ___________

A

“therapeutic effects”

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27
Q

excessive doses of the drug can also cause ”________ ”

A

toxic effects

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28
Q

The actions if chemicals can be divided into 2 large domains

A

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
Environmental Toxicology

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29
Q

which is aimed at understanding the actions of drugs as chemicals on individual organisms

  • Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
  • Environmental Toxicology
A

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology

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30
Q

concerned with the effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups and as species

  • Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
  • Environmental Toxicology
A

Environmental Toxicology

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31
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

A

Medical Pharmacology

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32
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

A

Medical Pharmacology

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33
Q

Vaccines to prevent from acquiring and developing the infection (COVID19)

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Preventive

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34
Q

Supplements

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Preventive

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35
Q

There are some drugs used to
differentiate diseases through laboratory differentials. Such as contrast media in radiology

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Diagnosis

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36
Q

drugs are specifically manufactured and developed for an intended therapeutic use - especially in humans

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Treatment

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37
Q

TREATMENT:

Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

A

Ivermectin

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38
Q

TREATMENT:

Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

A

Ivermectin

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39
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

40
Q

Toxicology is area of pharmacology concerned with the _____ effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

A

undesirable

41
Q

have beneficial effects

  • posion
  • drugs
A

drugs

42
Q

have harmful effects (not for ingestion) which affect our physiology and function.

  • posion
  • drugs
A

Poison

43
Q

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A
  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
44
Q

Identifies the receptors

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

45
Q

the relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

46
Q

Decoding of the genomes of many species—from bacteria to humans

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

47
Q

—has led to the recognition of unsuspected relationships between receptor families and the ways that receptor proteins have evolved.

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

48
Q

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions

  • Drug
  • Receptor
A

Drug

49
Q

A similar, endogenous substance, or a mimic of that

  • Drug
  • Receptor
A

Drug

50
Q

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

  • Drug
  • Receptor
A

Receptor

51
Q

Regulates our function

  • Drug
  • Receptor
A

Receptor

52
Q

3 Nature of Drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Development & Regulation

53
Q

2 Under Pharmacodynamics

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Receptor Sites
54
Q

5 Under Pharmacokinetics (MADME)

A
  • Movement
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination
55
Q

4 Under Drug development & Regulation (SACP)

A
  1. Safety and Efficacy
  2. Animal Testing
  3. Clinical Trials
  4. Patents & Generic Drugs
56
Q

Nature of Drugs:

A drug may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in ______ function through its chemical actions.

A

biological

57
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS:

are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects.

  • Toxins
  • Posions
A

Poisons

58
Q

T/F: “The dose makes the poison” - any substance can be harmful if taken in the wrong dosage. This classic toxicology maxim was stated by Paracelsus

A

True

59
Q

Nature of Drugs:

are usually defined as poisons of biological origin
- Toxins
- Posions

A

Toxins

60
Q

Nature f Drugs:

Examples of Ions (minerals)

A

Calcium and Potassium

61
Q

Nature of drugs:

They are intermediates of our
metabolism (ex. vitamins)

A

Nonpeptide are nonprotein but organic

62
Q

Nature of Drugs:
These are the same as our dietary nutrient requirements

A
  1. Proteins
  2. nucleic acids
  3. lipids
  4. carbohydrates
63
Q

Nature of Drug:

It is our primary drug

A

Food

64
Q

Nature of drug:
We need to eat a balanced diet based on the _____

A

Food pyramind

65
Q

Nature of Drugs:

What is at the bottom of the food pyramid which
we should eat the most

A

Vegetables (Fibers)

66
Q

T/F: We would not need drugs if we
followed the balanced diet

A

True

67
Q

What are found in plants or animals, many are partially or completely synthetic.

A

Hormones
Xenobiotics

68
Q

Nature of Drugs:

This is something found in plants or animals that you cannot synthesize in your body

  • Hormones
  • Xenobiotics
A

Xenobiotics

69
Q

NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: What you cannot produce, you cannot degrade.

A

True

70
Q

NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: What we cannot digest, accumulates and become
toxic.

A

True

71
Q

3 PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

72
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:
tablets we take, capsule (eg. aspirin, atropine)

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
A

Solid

73
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:

syrup (no need to shake)
suspension (we need to shake to homogenize concentration) eg. nicotine

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
A

Liquid

74
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: Drugs are given at a site distant from the intended site of action

A

True

75
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

usually quite weak and are probably important in the interactions of highly lipid soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes

  • Hydrophobic bonds
  • Hydrophilic bonds
A

Hydrophobic bonds

76
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor “pockets.”

  • Hydrophobic bonds
  • Hydrophilic bonds
A

Hydrophobic bonds

77
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

MW of lithium

A

MW 7

78
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

MW of thrombolytic agents

A

MW 50, 000

79
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

Majority have MW between ____ and _____

A

100 ad 1000

80
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

For selective binding

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
A

100 MW

81
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

For traversing to different barriers
of the bod

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
A

1000 MW

82
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

Cannot move within the body because of impediments (obstacles, barriers that gets in the way)

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
A

> 1000 MW

83
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

○ Stereoisomerism
○ Exist as an enantiomeric pairs
○ A drug needs to react with its receptor

Sir’s analogy: left hand and a glove for the
right hand

A

Chirality

84
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

happens if the left hand does not match the right-hand glove.

■ There’s something wrong, baliktad; uncomfy
■ It’s not natural

A

Steering Effect

85
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

T/F: Like in drug-receptor interactions, if the drug does not fit into the receptor, it gets easily detached, which means the potency of the drug will become lesser (mababawasan ang potency ng drug).

A

True

86
Q

It is the effect in achieving pharmacological effect at a given dose (typically in terms of its concentration—of the drug or dose)

A

Potency of the drug

87
Q

Drug shape:

Not compatible —> (more/lesser potency)

A

Lesser potency

88
Q

Drug shape:
Effective even at low doses
- High Potency
- Low Potency

A

High Potency

89
Q

Drug shape:
Needs higher dose to have the same effect
- High Potency
- Low Potency

A

Low potency

90
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

T/F: Even in Toxicity, Chirality is observed

A

True. Remember that a drug can bind to other receptors.

91
Q

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF:
T/F: the drug has higher affinity to other unintended receptors

A

True

92
Q

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF:
T/F: if it feels more comfortable to bind to other unintended receptors.

A

True

93
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

Chirality can vary the _____ and ____ of the drug.

A

Potency and Toxicity

94
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

(2) Common in biology that more than half of all useful drugs are chiral molecules

A
  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine
95
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure

  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine
A

Carvedilol

96
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

anesthetic (pain reliever) and antidepressant

  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine
A

Ketamine

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting (23 decks)

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