Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting > Intro 1-4 > Flashcards

Intro 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

introduce rational methods into medicine, but none was successful owing to the dominance of systems of thought (“schools”)

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A
  • 1500 YEARS AGO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

observation and experimentation began to replace theorizing in physiology and clinical medicine

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

END OF 17TH CENTURY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Materia medica

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

END OF 17TH CENTURY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

END OF 17TH CENTURY:

mechanisms of actions of drugs was prevented due to:

A

○ Absence of methods to purify active agents from crude materials
○ Lack of methods for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

developed methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology

A

Francois Magendie and his student Claude Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

laid the foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and cellular levels

A

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

These advances were also accompanied by unscientific claims by manufacturers and marketers of worthless “_________”

A

patent medicines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

Introduction of rational therapeutics (______) about 60 years ago help evaluate therapeutic claims

A

controlled clinical trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Use of receptor identification methods led to the discovery of orphan receptors

  • 1500 YEARS AGO
  • END OF 17TH CENTURY
  • LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
  • 1940s AND 1950s
A

1940s AND 1950s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed

A

orphan receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Receptors and effectors do not function in isolation; they are strongly influenced by other receptors and by companion regulatory proteins

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

short nucleotide chains

A

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

short nucleotide chains that synthesized to be complementary to natural RNA or DNA, can interfere with the readout of genes and the transcription of RNA

A

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The discovery that small segments of RNA can interfere with protein synthesis with extreme selectivity has led to investigation of ______ and _____

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

T/F: All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

Chemicals in botanicals like _______ are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals

A

herbs and plant extracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

All _____ supplements and all _____ promoted as health enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies

A

dietary and therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pharmacology is by binding to ________ (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

A

regulatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pharmacology and toxicology are ______.

A

intertwined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chemical substances that are able to affect our function or physiology

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

it is how the drug is introduced to our body or system

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The end of pharmacokinetics is that the
drug will be able to reach or bind with its
target receptor

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

On the other hand, once the drug binds to its
receptor, it will produce its effect, and this is the realm of ______.

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

studies the effect of the drug to the body

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Drugs are produced to give the intended effects which are ___________

A

“therapeutic effects”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

excessive doses of the drug can also cause ”________ ”

A

toxic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The actions if chemicals can be divided into 2 large domains

A

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
Environmental Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which is aimed at understanding the actions of drugs as chemicals on individual organisms

  • Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
  • Environmental Toxicology
A

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

concerned with the effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups and as species

  • Medical Pharmacology and toxicology
  • Environmental Toxicology
A

Environmental Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

A

Medical Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

A

Medical Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vaccines to prevent from acquiring and developing the infection (COVID19)

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Preventive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Supplements

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Preventive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

There are some drugs used to
differentiate diseases through laboratory differentials. Such as contrast media in radiology

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

drugs are specifically manufactured and developed for an intended therapeutic use - especially in humans

  • Preventive
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TREATMENT:

Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

A

Ivermectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

TREATMENT:

Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

A

Ivermectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

40
Q

Toxicology is area of pharmacology concerned with the _____ effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

A

undesirable

41
Q

have beneficial effects

  • posion
  • drugs
42
Q

have harmful effects (not for ingestion) which affect our physiology and function.

  • posion
  • drugs
43
Q

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A
  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
44
Q

Identifies the receptors

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

45
Q

the relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

46
Q

Decoding of the genomes of many species—from bacteria to humans

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

47
Q

—has led to the recognition of unsuspected relationships between receptor families and the ways that receptor proteins have evolved.

  • PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • TOXICOLOGY
  • MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

48
Q

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions

  • Drug
  • Receptor
49
Q

A similar, endogenous substance, or a mimic of that

  • Drug
  • Receptor
50
Q

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

  • Drug
  • Receptor
51
Q

Regulates our function

  • Drug
  • Receptor
52
Q

3 Nature of Drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Development & Regulation

53
Q

2 Under Pharmacodynamics

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Receptor Sites
54
Q

5 Under Pharmacokinetics (MADME)

A
  • Movement
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination
55
Q

4 Under Drug development & Regulation (SACP)

A
  1. Safety and Efficacy
  2. Animal Testing
  3. Clinical Trials
  4. Patents & Generic Drugs
56
Q

Nature of Drugs:

A drug may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in ______ function through its chemical actions.

A

biological

57
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS:

are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects.

  • Toxins
  • Posions
58
Q

T/F: “The dose makes the poison” - any substance can be harmful if taken in the wrong dosage. This classic toxicology maxim was stated by Paracelsus

59
Q

Nature of Drugs:

are usually defined as poisons of biological origin
- Toxins
- Posions

60
Q

Nature f Drugs:

Examples of Ions (minerals)

A

Calcium and Potassium

61
Q

Nature of drugs:

They are intermediates of our
metabolism (ex. vitamins)

A

Nonpeptide are nonprotein but organic

62
Q

Nature of Drugs:
These are the same as our dietary nutrient requirements

A
  1. Proteins
  2. nucleic acids
  3. lipids
  4. carbohydrates
63
Q

Nature of Drug:

It is our primary drug

64
Q

Nature of drug:
We need to eat a balanced diet based on the _____

A

Food pyramind

65
Q

Nature of Drugs:

What is at the bottom of the food pyramid which
we should eat the most

A

Vegetables (Fibers)

66
Q

T/F: We would not need drugs if we
followed the balanced diet

67
Q

What are found in plants or animals, many are partially or completely synthetic.

A

Hormones
Xenobiotics

68
Q

Nature of Drugs:

This is something found in plants or animals that you cannot synthesize in your body

  • Hormones
  • Xenobiotics
A

Xenobiotics

69
Q

NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: What you cannot produce, you cannot degrade.

70
Q

NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: What we cannot digest, accumulates and become
toxic.

71
Q

3 PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

72
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:
tablets we take, capsule (eg. aspirin, atropine)

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
73
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:

syrup (no need to shake)
suspension (we need to shake to homogenize concentration) eg. nicotine

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
74
Q

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS:

T/F: Drugs are given at a site distant from the intended site of action

75
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

usually quite weak and are probably important in the interactions of highly lipid soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes

  • Hydrophobic bonds
  • Hydrophilic bonds
A

Hydrophobic bonds

76
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor “pockets.”

  • Hydrophobic bonds
  • Hydrophilic bonds
A

Hydrophobic bonds

77
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

MW of lithium

78
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

MW of thrombolytic agents

A

MW 50, 000

79
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

Majority have MW between ____ and _____

A

100 ad 1000

80
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

For selective binding

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
81
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

For traversing to different barriers
of the bod

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
82
Q

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW):

Cannot move within the body because of impediments (obstacles, barriers that gets in the way)

  • 100 MW
  • 1000 MW
  • > 1000 MW
83
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

○ Stereoisomerism
○ Exist as an enantiomeric pairs
○ A drug needs to react with its receptor

Sir’s analogy: left hand and a glove for the
right hand

84
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

happens if the left hand does not match the right-hand glove.

■ There’s something wrong, baliktad; uncomfy
■ It’s not natural

A

Steering Effect

85
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

T/F: Like in drug-receptor interactions, if the drug does not fit into the receptor, it gets easily detached, which means the potency of the drug will become lesser (mababawasan ang potency ng drug).

86
Q

It is the effect in achieving pharmacological effect at a given dose (typically in terms of its concentration—of the drug or dose)

A

Potency of the drug

87
Q

Drug shape:

Not compatible —> (more/lesser potency)

A

Lesser potency

88
Q

Drug shape:
Effective even at low doses
- High Potency
- Low Potency

A

High Potency

89
Q

Drug shape:
Needs higher dose to have the same effect
- High Potency
- Low Potency

A

Low potency

90
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

T/F: Even in Toxicity, Chirality is observed

A

True. Remember that a drug can bind to other receptors.

91
Q

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF:
T/F: the drug has higher affinity to other unintended receptors

92
Q

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF:
T/F: if it feels more comfortable to bind to other unintended receptors.

93
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

Chirality can vary the _____ and ____ of the drug.

A

Potency and Toxicity

94
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

(2) Common in biology that more than half of all useful drugs are chiral molecules

A
  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine
95
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure

  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine
A

Carvedilol

96
Q

DRUG SHAPE:

anesthetic (pain reliever) and antidepressant

  • Carvedilol
  • Ketamine

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions