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[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting > [2] Chapter 1 Introduction > Flashcards

[2] Chapter 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Can be defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

[Pharmacology] These interactions usually occur by _______ of the substance to regulatory molecules and ________ or _______ normal body processes.

A

binding
activating or inhibiting

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3
Q

These substances may be chemicals administered to achieve a _______ _________effect on some process within the patient or for their _____ effects on regulatory processes in parasites infecting the patient.

A

beneficial therapeutic
toxic

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4
Q

Often defined as the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.

A

Medical Pharmacology

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5
Q

Medical Pharmacology often defined as the science of substances used to _______, _______, and __________.

A

prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.

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6
Q

Such deliberate therapeutic applications may be considered the proper role of _____________.

A

medical pharmacology

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7
Q

Such deliberate ______ may be considered the proper role of medical pharmacology

A

therapeutic applications

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8
Q

_____ is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

A

Toxicology

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9
Q

2 Large Domain

A
  1. medical pharmacology and toxicology
  2. environmental toxicology
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10
Q

What domain?
aimed at understanding the actions of drugs as chemicals on individual organisms, especially humans and domestic animals.

A

medical pharmacology and toxicology

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11
Q

What domain?

Both beneficial and toxic effects are included

A

medical pharmacology and toxicology

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics are in which domain?

A

medical pharmacology and toxicology

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13
Q

Deals with the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacokinetics

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14
Q

concerns the actions of the chemical on the organism.

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
A

Pharmacodynamics

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15
Q

WHat is the 2nd domain?

A

Environment Toxicology

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16
Q

Domain in which concerned with the effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups and as species

A

2nd domain: Environmental Toxicology

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17
Q

3 reason why there are new drugs added every year

A

(1) increasing resistance by bacteria and other parasites
(2) discovery of new target processes in diseases that have not been adequately treated
(3) recognition of new diseases.

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18
Q

Furthermore, a dramatic increase has occurred in the number of _______________(especially antibodies) approved during the last two decades. The development of new drugs and their regulation by government agencies are discussed in part II.

A

large molecule drugs

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19
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGYTHE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

who undoubtedly recognized the beneficial or toxic effects of many plant and animal materials.

A

Prehistoric people

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20
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Beginning about ______years ago, sporadic attempts were made to introduce rational methods into medicine, but none was successful owing to the dominance of systems of thought (“schools”) that purported to explain all of biology and disease without the need for experimentation and observation.

A

1500 years ago

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21
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

It is when concepts based on observation and experimentation began to replace theorizing in physiology and clinical medicine.

A

Around the end of the 17th century

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22
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

As the value of these methods in the study of disease became clear, physicians in ______ and on_______ began to apply them systematically to the effects of traditional drugs used in their own practices.

A

Great Britain and on the Continent

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23
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

thus, ____ _____ the science of drug preparation and the medical uses of drugs—began to develop as the precursor to pharmacology.

A

materia medica

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24
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

materia medica is the drug ______ and the _____ uses of drugs—began to develop as the precursor to pharmacology.

A

preparation and the medical

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25
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

However, any real understanding of the mechanisms of action of drugs was prevented by the _________ of methods for purifying active agents from the crude materials that were available and—even more—by the _________for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions.

A

absence
lack of methods

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26
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

François Magendie and his student Claude Bernard began to develop the methods of what?

A

experimental physiology and pharmacology

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27
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

real advances in basic pharmacology during this time were accompanied by an outburst of unscientific claims by manufacturers and marketers of worthless “___________________”

A

“patent medicines.”

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28
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

It is when advances in chemistry and the further development of physiology laid the foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and cellular levels.

A

18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries

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29
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

It is when François Magendie and his student Claude Bernard* began to develop the methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology.

A

Late 18th century and early 19th century

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30
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

As new concepts and new techniques were introduced, information accumulated about drug action and the biologic substrate of that action, the_______

A

drug receptor

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31
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Not until the concepts of rational therapeutics, especially that of the ________, were reintroduced into medicine—only about 60 years ago—did it become possible to adequately evaluate therapeutic claims.

A

controlled clinical trial

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32
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, who began to develop the methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology?

A

Francois Magendie and his student Claude Bernard

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33
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

When was controlled clinical trial reintroduced into medicine?

(It is the concepts of rational therapeutics and did it become possible to adequately evaluate therapeutic claims

A

60 years ago

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34
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

It is when a major expansion of research efforts in all areas of biology began.

(2) years

A

Around the 1940s and 1950s

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35
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

It is the concepts of rational therapeutics and did it become possible to adequately evaluate therapeutic claims which was reintroduced into medicine about 60 years ago

A

Controlled Clinical Trial

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36
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

The molecular mechanisms of action of many drugs have now been identified, and numerous receptors have been isolated, structurally characterized, and cloned.

In fact, the use of receptor identification methods (described in Chapter 2) has led to the discovery of many _______—receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed.

A

orphan receptors

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37
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed.

A

orphan receptors

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38
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Studies of the local molecular environment of receptors have shown that receptors and effectors do not function in ________; they are strongly influenced by other receptors and by companion ________(what proteins.)

A

isolation;
regulatory protein

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39
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Does receptors and effectors (function or not) in isolation based on studies of local molecular environment of receptors?

A

Do not function

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40
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Most recently, it has become clear that ______________, __________, and other aspects of space outside the Earth’s environment require the development of ________ (what).

A

gravitational change
radiation

development of space medicine

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41
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

…One result of these discoveries is the confirmation that pharmacology represents an area where ________, ________,
_________, _______, _______, _______, and the ________ meet. (6)

A

anatomy
physiology
biochemistry
genetics
pathology
clinical medicine
environment

42
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Many problems that the health practitioner confronts can now be corrected or mitigated using ________________.

A

pharmacologic tools.

43
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

the relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs—is becoming an important part of therapeutics

A

Pharmacogenomics

44
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

This has led to the recognition of unsuspected relationships between receptor families and the ways that receptor proteins have evolved.

A

Decoding of the genomes of many species—from bacteria to humans

45
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

This has led to open a new area of possible manipulation of the genes—epigenetics—that control pharmacologic responses.

A

discovery of regulatory functions exerted by the
neighbors of chromosomes and the noncoding regions of DNA on the expression of exons

46
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

This has led to investigation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutic agents.

A

The discovery that small segments of RNA can interfere with protein synthesis with extreme selectivity

47
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Similarly, short nucleotide chains called _________(ANOs), synthesized to be complementary to natural RNA or DNA, can interfere with the readout of genes and the transcription of RNA.

A

antisense oligonucleotides

48
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Finally, new, efficient methods of DNA editing have made possible the modification of genes that encode proteins that are critical to immunologic functions, including ______ receptors on _____ cells. —– These developments have led to a dramatic increase in large molecule therapeutics in the last 20 years

A

anticancer receptors on T-cells

49
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Unfortunately, the _________ is still exposed to vast amounts of inaccurate or unscientific information regarding the pharmacologic effects of chemicals.

This results in the irrational use of innumerable expensive, ineffective, and sometimes harmful remedies and the growth of a huge “alternative health care” industry.

A

medication-consuming public

50
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Manipulation of the legislative process in the United States has allowed many substances promoted for health—but not promoted specifically as “drugs”—to avoid meeting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards described in the second part of this chapter.

—- n/a

A
51
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

lack of understanding of basic scientific principles in ______ and _______ and the absence of _________ about public health issues have led to rejection of medical science, including vaccines, by a segment of the public and to a common tendency to assume that all adverse drug effects are the result of malpractice.

A

biology and statistics
critical thinking

52
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

3 General principles that the student should remember are
1 - that all substances can under certain circumstances be ______.

2 - that the chemicals in botanicals (herbs and plant extracts, “nutraceuticals”) are no different from chemicals in ________except for the much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals;

(3) that all dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of _____ and _____ as *conventional drugs and medical therapies. *

A

(1) that *all substances can under certain circumstances be *toxic;

(2) that the chemicals in botanicals (herbs and plant extracts, “nutraceuticals”) are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals;

(3) that all dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as *conventional drugs and medical therapies. *

53
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

…That is, there should be no artificial separation between________ and “________” or “________” medicine.

A

scientific medicine
“alternative” or “complementary” medicine

54
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Ideally, all nutritional and botanical substances should be tested by the same types of _____________(RCTs) as synthetic compounds.

A

randomized controlled trials

55
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Ideally, all ________ and ________ substances should be tested by the same types of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as synthetic compounds.

A

nutritional and botanical

56
Q

THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

Ideally, all nutritional and botanical substances should be tested by the same types of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as _______ compound (what type of compoun?

A

Synthetic compound

57
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

it describes the effects of the body on drugs (eg, absorption, excretion, etc.)

A

Pharmacokinetics

58
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. Elimination of a drug may be achieved
by metabolism or by excretion.

- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacokinetics

59
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Under Pharmacokinetics, it is a term sometimes used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion

A

Biodisposition

60
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

denotes the actions of the drug on the body, such as mechanism of action and therapeutic and toxic effect

- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacodynamics

60
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Elimination of drug may be achieved by _____ and _____

A

metabolism or excretion

61
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

concerns the actions of the chemical on the organism

  • Pharmacodynamics

- Pharmacokinetics

A

Pharmacodynamics

62
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

effect on other organisms other than humans

A

Environment

63
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

area of pharmacology concerned with
the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans; science of substances used to
prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

A

Medical Pharmacology

64
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

finds the exact mechanism of action of
drugs; Identifies the receptors

A

Pharmacogenomics

65
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions

A

Drug

66
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

substances that act on biologic systems at the chemical (molecular) level and alter their functions

A

Drug

67
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

specific molecules in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

A

Receptors

68
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

molecular components of the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects

A

Receptors

69
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

the drug molecule interacts as an ______ (activator) or ________ (inhibitor) with a specific target molecule that plays a regulatory role in the
biologic system.

A

agonist (activator)
antagonist (inhibitor)

70
Q

Agonist is ?

A

Activator

71
Q

Antagonist is ?

A

Inhibitor

72
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Drugs that may interact directly with other drugs

A

Chemical antagonists

73
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Few drugs that interact almost exclusively with water molecules

A

Osmotic agents

74
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Drugs
may be synthesized within the body like what example?

A

Hormones

75
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Drugs may be chemicals not synthesized in the patient’s body that is?

A

xenobiotics

75
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

drugs
that have **almost exclusively harmful effects. **

A

Poisons

75
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Who said that “the dose makes the poison” meaning that any substance can be hamtful if taken the wrong dosage

A

Paracelsus

75
Q

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

Theses are usually defined as poisons of biologic origin, ie, synthesized by plants or animals, in contrast to inorganic poisons such as lead and arsenic.

A

Toxins

75
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

To interact chemically with its receptor, a drug molecule must have the _______, _________,_________, _________ (4)

A

appropriate size
electrical charge
shape
atomic composition

75
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

a practical drug should be
_____ or excreted from the body at a reasonable rate so that its actions will be of appropriate duration

A

inactivated

75
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

Drugs that may be solid at room temp are eg.?

A

Aspirin, Atropine

76
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

Drugs that may be liquid eg. are?

A

Nicotine and Ethanol

76
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

Drugs that may be gaseous eg. are?

A

Nitrous Oxide
Isoflurane
Xenon

76
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

What various classes of organic compounds are presented in pharmacology?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Smaller Molecules

76
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

Examples of Inorganic elements that are both useful an dangerous drugs

A

Fluoride
Lithium
Iron
Heavy Metals

77
Q

The Physical Nature of Drugs

Many organic drugs are weak acidsm or bases.

T or F

A

True

This fact has important implications for the way they are handled by the body, because pH differences in the various compartments of the body may alter the degree of ionization of weak acids and bases

77
Q

Drug Size

A
78
Q

Drug Size

A
78
Q

Drug Size

The molecular size of drugs varies from very small to very large.

A

(lithium ion, molecular weight [MW] 7) < (eg, alteplase [t­PA], a protein of MW 59,050).

78
Q

Many antibodies are even larger;

What is an example

A

erenumab

an antibody used in the management of migraine, has a MW of more than 145,000

78
Q

However, most
drugs have molecular weights between ____ and _____

A

100 and 1000

78
Q

To have a good “fit” to only one type of receptor, a drug molecule must be sufficiently unique in _____, ______, and other properties to prevent its binding to other receptors.

A

shape, charge

78
Q

To achieve such selective binding, it appears that a molecule should in most cases be at least ______MW units in size

A

100 MW

78
Q

The (lower/upper) limit of this narrow range is probably set by the requirements for specificity of action

A

lower limmit

78
Q

The (lower/upper) limit in molecular weight is determined primarily by the requirement that drugs must be able to move within the body (e.g. from the site of administration to the site of action).

A

Upper

78
Q

Drugs much larger than MW 1000 do not diffuse readily between compartments of the body

T/F

A

True

78
Q

Very (large/small) drugs (usually proteins) must often be administered directly into the compartment where they have
their effect.

A

Large

For alteplase, a clot-dissolving enzyme, the drug is
administered directly into the vascular compartment by
intravenous or intra-arterial infusion.

78
Q

DRUG SHAPE

Shape of a drug molecule must be such as to permit binding to its receptor site via the

A

receptor bonds

78
Q

DRUG SHAPE

Optimally, the drug’s shape is complementary to that of the __________ in the same way that a key is complementary to a _______.

shape = ?
key = ?

A

shape = receptor site;
ket = lock.

79
Q

they contain one or more
asymmetric centers and can exist as enantiomers

What type of molecule and drug? (2)

such enantiomers may be metabolized at different rates in the body, with important clinical consequences

A

endogenous molecules;
exogenous drugs

which are optically active

79
Q

Drugs with two asymmetric centers have how many diasterreomers?

e.g., ephedrine, a sympathomimetic drug.

A

4

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting (23 decks)

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