[1] History of Drugs

Question 1

_______ is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

Pharmacological interactions usually occur by binding of the substance to __________________ and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

Answer 2

regulatory molecules

Question 3

_______________ is the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

Answer 3

Medical pharmacology

Question 4

________________ is the branch of pharmacology and that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

Answer 4

Toxicology

Question 5

________________ deals with the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs

Answer 5

Pharmacokinetics

Question 5

________________ deals with the actions of the chemical on the organism

Answer 5

Pharmacodynamics

Question 5

________________ deals with the effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups and as species

Answer 5

Environmental toxicology

Question 6

In the last 1,500 years, “schools” promulgated bizarre notions which includes: disease was caused by excesses of _______ or ________ in the body

Answer 6

bile
blood

Question 7

Prehistoric people recognized the beneficial or toxic effects of ______ and ________ materials. Most were worthless or harmful.

Answer 7

plant
animal

Question 8

In the last 1,500 years, “schools” promulgated bizarre notions which includes: wounds could be healed by applying _________ to the weapon that caused the wound

Answer 8

salve

Question 9

In the late 17th century, ________________ served as the precursor to pharmacology

Answer 9

materia medica

Question 10

________________ is the science of drug preparation and the medical uses of drugs

Answer 10

materia medica

Question 11

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, ________________ and ________________ developed the methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology

Answer 11

Francois Magendie
Claude Bernard

Question 12

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard developed the methods of ________________ and ________________

Answer 12

experimental physiology
pharmacology

Question 13

Real advances in basic pharmacology during the 18th-20th centuries were accompanied by an outburst of unscientific claims by manufacturers and marketers of worthless “________________”

Answer 13

patent medicines

Question 14

________________ is an example of rational therapeutics that were reintroduced into medicine and made it possible to adequately evaluate therapeutic claims

Answer 14

controlled clinical trial

Question 15

________________ is the biologic substrate of a drug action

Answer 15

Drug receptor

Question 16

The use of ________________ methods had led to the discovery of many orphan receptors

Answer 16

receptor identification

Question 17

________________ are receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed

Answer 17

Orphan receptors

Question 18

________________ and ________________ do not function in isolation; they are strongly influenced by other receptors and by companion regulatory proteins

Answer 18

receptors
effectors

Question 19

________________ is the relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs

Answer 19

Pharmacogenomics

Question 20

Decoding of the genomes of many species has led to the recognition of unsuspected relationships between ________________ and the ways that ________________ have evolved

Answer 20

receptor families
receptor proteins

Question 21

Discovery that small segments of RNA can interfere with protein synthesis with extreme selectivity has led to investigation of ________________(siRNA) and ________________(miRNAs) as their therapeutic agents

Answer 21

small interfering RNA
micro-RNA

Question 22

________________ (ANOs) are short nucleotide chains, synthesized to be complementary to natural RNA or DNA, can interfere with the readout of genes and the transcription of RNA

Answer 22

antisense oligonucleotides

Question 23

_______________ industry involves the irrational use of innumerable, expensive, ineffective, and sometimes harmful remedies

Answer 23

alternative health care

Question 24

General principle #1: ALL substances can under certain circumstances be ________________

Answer 24

toxic

Question 24

General principle #3: All ________________ and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as ________________ and medical therapies

Answer 24

dietary supplements
conventional drugs

Question 24

General principle #2: The chemicals in ________________ (herbs and plant extracts) are no different from chemicals in ________________ drugs except for the much greater proportion of ________________ in botanicals

Answer 24

botanicals
manufactured
impurities

Question 25

aka “botanicals”; herbs and plant extracts

Answer 25

nutraceuticals

Question 26

Ideally, all nutritional and botanical substances should be tested by the same types of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as ________________

Answer 26

synthetic compounds