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[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting > QUIZLET Unit 1 - Intro to Pharmacology (mixed) > Flashcards

QUIZLET Unit 1 - Intro to Pharmacology (mixed) Flashcards

1
Q

Body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems, especially by binding to regulatory molecules (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

It’s how the drug reacts to the receptor

A

Pharmacodynamics

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3
Q
  • what the body does to the drug
  • Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

time it takes to reduce drug to half its concentration

A

half-life

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3
Q

it refers to an idea that masking and social
distancing temporarily held off infections, which are now occurring as population behavior allows the greater spread of pathogens.

A

Immunity debt

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3
Q

area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

A

Medical Pharmacology

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4
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

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5
Q

amount of medication required to effect the
cure of a disease.

A

therapeutic dose

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6
Q

the amount of a drug or other agent that if
administered to an animal or human will prove fatal.

A

lethal dose

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6
Q

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs; identifies the receptors

A

Pharmacogenomics

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7
Q

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

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8
Q

amount of medication required to effect the cure of a disease.

A

Therapeutic dose

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9
Q

the amount of a drug or other agent that if administered to an animal or human will prove fatal.

A

Lethal dose

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10
Q

It finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs; and identifies the receptors

A

Pharmacogenomics

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11
Q

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions

A

Drug

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12
Q

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

A

Receptor

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13
Q

Solid drug form examples

A

Aspirin, atropine, & lozenges

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14
Q

Liquid drug form example

A

nicotine, ethanol, vaccines, anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane), chlorhexidine, paracetamol, nasal spray, carbocysteine, albendazole

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15
Q

Gas drug form example

A

nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, xenon, oxygen

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16
Q

Drug size for transversion to different barriers of the body

A

1000 MW

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16
Q

Drug size for selective binding

A

100 MW

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17
Q

Chemical forces or bonds through which the drug interacts with the receptors

A

DRUG RECEPTOR BONDS

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17
Q

Drug size that is given directly at the site of action

A

> 1000 MW

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18
Q

Strongest and irreversible bond

A

Covalent bond

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19
Q

More common and weaker bond

A

Electrostatic bond

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20
Q

Actions of the drug on the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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20
Q

bond that is the weakest and highly lipid soluble drugs

A

Hydrophobic bond

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21
Q

Actions of the body on the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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22
Q

occurs when drug X binds to Ra and there is an effective capacity

A

Agonist

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23
Q

Occurs when drug Y binds to Ri and there is no effect

A

Inverse agonist

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24
Q

Activates receptor-effector system to the maximum extent (Ra-D pool; activated form)

A

Full agonist

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25
Q

Binds to the same receptors and activate them in the same way but do not evoke as great a response

A

partial agonist

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26
Q

Binds to a site on the receptor molecule separate from the agonist binding site

A

Allosteric modulators

27
Q

-Drug has a stronger affinity for the Ri-D pool (nonfunctional form)

-Reduces constitutive activity

-Results in effects that are opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists

A

Inverse agonist

28
Q

-Binds to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecules

A

Antagonist

29
Q

o Inactive precursor

o Must be administered and converted to the active drug by biologic process inside the body

o Takes a longer time to take effect in the body compared to regular active drugs

A

Prodrug

30
Q

Movement of molecules through the watery extracellular and intracellular spaces

A

Aqueous diffusion

31
Q

Movement of molecules through membranes and other lipid structures

A

Lipid diffusion

32
Q

Drug transported across barriers by mechanisms that carry similar endogenous substances

A

Transport by special carriers

33
Q

Predicts the movement of molecules across a barrier

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

34
Q

the amount absorbed into the systemic circulation; amount of drug administered

A

Bioavailability

35
Q

Route of administration with:

o Maximum convenience

o Absorption may be slower and less complete

o Some drugs have low bioavailability when given oral

o Subject to first-pass effect

A

Oral

36
Q

Route of administration with:

o Instantaneous and complete absorption

o Bioavailability is 100%

o Potentially more dangerous, high blood levels reached if administration is too rapid

A

Intravenous (IV)/ Parenteral

37
Q

Route of administration with:

o Absorption is often faster and more complete (higher bioavailability) than oral

o Large volumes (>5 mL into each buttock) if the drug is not irritating

o First-pass effect is avoided

o Heparin cannot be given by this route because it causes bleeding in the muscle

A

Intramuscular (IM)

38
Q

Route of administration with:

o Slower absorption than IM route

o First-pass effect is avoided

o Heparin can be given by this route because it does not cause hematoma

A

Subcutaneous

39
Q

Route of administration with:

o Permits absorption direct into the systemic circulation, bypassing hepatic portal circuit and first-pass metabolism

o Slow or fast depending on formulation of the product

A

Buccal and Sublingual

40
Q

Route of administration with:

o Partial avoidance of first-pass effect

o Not completely absorbed as compared to the sublingual route

o tend to migrate upward in the rectum where absorption is partially absorbed into the portal circulation

o Larger amounts of unpleasant drugs are better administered rectally o May cause significant irritation

A

Rectal (Suppository)

41
Q

Route of administration with:

o For respiratory diseases

o Delivery closest to the target tissue

o Results into rapid absorption because of the rapid and thin alveolar surface area

o Drugs that are gases at room temperature (e.g., NO2), or easily volatilized (anesthetics)

A

Inhalation

42
Q

Route of administration with:

o Application to the skin or mucous membrane of the eye, nose, throat, airway, or vagina for local effect

o Rate of absorption varies with the area of application and drug’s formulation

o Absorption is slower compared to other routes

A

Topical

43
Q

Route of administration with:

o Application to the skin for systemic effect

o Rate of absorption occurs very slowly

o First-pass effect is avoided

A

Transdermal

44
Q

Rate of elimination is constant regardless of concentration

A

Zero order elimination

45
Q

Rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration

A

First order elimination

46
Q

Neutral molecule that can form a cation (+ charged) by combining with a proton (hydrogen ion)

A

Weak Base

47
Q

Ionized, more polar, more water soluble when they are protonated

A

Weak base

48
Q

Neutral molecule that can reversibly dissociate into an anion (- charged) and a proton (hydrogen ion)

A

Weak acid

49
Q

Not ionized, less polar, less water soluble when they are protonated

A

Weak Acid

50
Q
  • determines the concentration gradient between blood and the organ
  • E.g. skeletal muscle and brain

A. Size of the organ
B. Blood flow
C. Solubility
D. Binding

A

Size of the organ

51
Q

Important determinant of the rate of uptake

A. Size of the organ
B. Blood flow
C. Solubility
D. Binding

A

Blood flow

52
Q

Binding of drugs to macromolecules in the blood or tissue compartment will tend to ________ the drug’s concentration in that compartment.

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. No effect

A

increase

52
Q

Well-perfused organs (4)

A

brain, heart, kidneys, and splanchnic organs

53
Q

T/F: If the drug is very soluble in cells, the concentration in the perivascular space will be lower and diffusion from the vessel into the extravascular tissue will be facilitated

A

True

53
Q
  • Refers to the amount of drug in the body to the concentration in the plasma
  • Vd
A

Apparent volume of distribution

53
Q

Inactive as administered and must be metabolized in the body to become active
○ Eg, levodopa, minoxidil

A

Prodrugs

54
Q

T/F: Action of many drugs is terminated before they are excreted

A

True

55
Q

T/F: Prodrugs are active as administered and have active metabolites as well

A

False

55
Q

Determinants of the duration of action for most drugs (2)

A

Dosage, Rate of elimination following the last dose

56
Q

T/F: Drug elimination is the same as drug excretion

A

False

56
Q

________________ , elimination of the parent molecule by metabolism is not synonymous with termination of action

A. For most drugs
B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)
C. For drugs that are not metabolized
D. None of the above

A

For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)

56
Q

_____________________ , excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)

A. For most drugs
B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)
C. For drugs that are not metabolized
D. None of the above

A

For most drugs

57
Q

______________ , excretion is the mode of elimination

A. For most drugs
B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)
C. For drugs that are not metabolized
D. None of the above

A

For drugs that are not metabolized

58
Q

T/F: A small number of drugs combine irreversibly with their receptors, disappearance from the bloodstream is not equivalent to cessation of drug action

A

True

59
Q

T/F: Rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration

A

True

60
Q

T/F: Drug’s concentration in plasma increases exponentially with time

A

False

61
Q

T/F: Half-life of elimination is constant regardless of amount of drug in the body

A

True

62
Q

T/F: Concentration of such drug in the blood will decrease by 50% for every half-life

A

True

63
Q

Most drugs are eliminated through?

A

First order elimination

64
Q

T/F: Rate of elimination is constant regardless of concentration

A

True

65
Q

Occurs with drugs that saturate their elimination of mechanism at concentrations of clinical interest

A

Zero order elimination

65
Q

Concentration of such drugs in plasma increase in linear fashion over time

A

False

65
Q

T/F: With higher doses, there will be bigger chances of toxic effect because the patient may not be able to eliminate it

A

True

[MT 6314] - 1st Shifting (23 decks)

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