QUIZ: System Restoration (Manual 36) Flashcards by Jesse Kimbler

Annual restoration training should include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Time restoration will be complete
b. Building of cranking paths
c. Restoration priorities
d. Reestablishing the interconnection

a. Time restoration will be complete

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There is/are ________ level(s) of cross zonal coordination
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

c. Three

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Cranking power to neighboring companies is to be supplied as a priority to restoring internal customer load
a. True
b. False

a. True

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Which PJM manual focuses on how PJM and the PJM members are expected to respond to system disturbance conditions or a system blackout?
a. M-3
b. M-13
c. M-14
d. M-36

d. M-36

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Level one of cross zonal coordination refers to:
a. Supplying critical load and/or customer load pockets across TO zones
b. Supplying black start generation from outside a TO zone to meet that zones critical load requirements
c. Restoration coordination between 3 or more zones
d. Combining TO restoration plans into a combined plan for a newly defined restoration region

b. Supplying black start generation from outside a TO zone to meet that zones critical load requirements

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PJM monitors the progress of the restoration process and coordinates any needed assistance EXCEPT:
a. Developing and calculating ACE as required
b. Identifying opportunities for interconnection
c. Coordinating internal schedules
d. Coordinating and directing all 500kv and above transmission restoration

c. Coordinating internal schedules

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The PJM restoration manual (M36) must be reviewed (at a min) on a/an ______ basis for updates and changes through the PJM systems operation subcommittee
a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi-annual
d. Annual

d. Annual

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Critical load consists of the following EXCEPT:
a. Steam units that cannot be supplied by resources other than black start
b. Cranking power to all units with a hot start time 4 hours or less
c. Off-site nuclear station light and power
d. Critical natural gas infrastructure

a. Steam units that cannot be supplied by resources other than black start

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Offsite _______ power should be restored as soon as possible to nuclear units
a. Cranking
b. EHV
c. Shutdown
d. Startup

c. Shutdown

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Transmission owners must include available cranking power and transmission paths in their restoration manuals
a. True
b. False

a. True

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During restoration, the _______ acts as coordinator and disseminator of information related to generation and transmission availability
a. TO system operator
b. GO system operator
c. PJM system operator
d. NERC RC

c. PJM system operator

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Transmission path from a black start unit to another generator with the intent to facilitate startup of that generator is referred to as:
a. Energizing path
b. Cranking path
c. Restoration path
d. Startup path

b. Cranking path

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Synchronization, in the electric industry, is the process of matching the _____, _____, and _______ of a generator or other source to a “running” network (circle all that apply)
a. Speed
b. Current
c. Frequency
d. Voltage

all except b

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The PJM members are responsible for developing and maintaining the following in the restoration plan EXCEPT:
a. Plan and procedures outlining the relationships and responsibilities of the personnel necessary to implement system restoration
b. The necessary operating instructions and procedures for restoring loads, including identification of critical load requirements
c. Available outside assistance during restoration
d. Provision for a reliable black start capability plan including available cranking & transmission paths

c. Available outside assistance during restoration

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According to PJM, during system restoration, which entity has the responsibility to direct the loading of generation?
a. Generator owner
b. PJM
c. Generation operator
d. Transmission owner

d. Transmission owner

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When interconnecting islands, how do you know your system is stable? (Select 2)
a. Small deviations in the frequency and voltage when restoring load
b. The overall inertia of the generators will be decreased once interconnected
c. Load is being picked up with automatic under frequency relaying enabled
d. Adequate operating reserves

a. and c

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If a change to the capability of a black start resource affects the ability of the generator to meet the TOP’s individual restoration plan, the GOP shall notify the TOP of the known changes within:
a. 4 hours
b. 8 hours
c. 16 hours
d. 24 hours

d. 24 hours

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Which of the following loads are considered as “critical loads” by PJM?
a. Two independent feeds into each nuclear facility for station start up
b. Power to pumping plants for underground cables
c. Gas infrastructure equipment
d. Light and power to critical substations

c. Gas infrastructure equipment

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The uncontrolled loss of multiple system facilities or load, whether because of loss of synchronism, voltage collapse, or thermal overload defines which of the following black out causes?
a. Generator tripping
b. Voltage collapse
c. Cascade event
d. Dynamic instability

c. Cascade event

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Which of the following would be considered pre-tie preparations when interconnecting islands? (Select 2)
a. Identification of the transmission line to tie areas together
b. Ensure reliable communications are available for all entities involved in interconnecting
c. Recalculation of reserves
d. Provide updated hydroelectric capabilities

a & b

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For each transmission zone that has a critical load requirement, PJM will ensure, at a minimum, an allocation of how many Black Start resources?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

b. 2

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During a restoration process, GO’s are required to update their progress by submitting a report:
a. As conditions on the system change
b. Every 30 minutes
c. For every unit returned to service
d. On an hourly basis

d. On an hourly basis

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Place the following steps in the appropriate order of determining the generator status from first to last: (Match the following)
a. Determine status of offline generation
b. Prepare offline generation for startup
c. Determine surviving online generation
d. Determine startup sequence of offline generation
e. Stabilize surviving online generation
f. Begin startup of offline generation

c, e, a, d, b, f

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The ability of a generator to dampen out oscillations caused by relatively minor disturbances through the action of properly tuned control system defines:
a. Steady-state operation
b. Thermal overload control
c. Voltage collapse
d. Dynamic stability

d. Dynamic stability

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11. Which of the following equipment can be considered as an acceptable alternative to solely maintaining critical black start units? a. Out-of-step relaying b. Under frequency load shed schemes c. Load rejection schemes d. Distance relaying

c. Load rejection schemes

12. A generating unit that has equipment enabling it to start without outside electrical supply is: a. A black start unit b. A load rejection unit c. A runback unit d. A peaking unit

a. A black start unit

13. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning a system voltage collapse? (Select 2) a. Can result in system separations and generation trippings b. Through analysis, the boundaries of separation can be predicted in advance c. Low reactive loading will cause a deficit in MVAR supply d. Operating over the “knee” of the voltage curve will cause a voltage collapse

a and d

14. Concerning the PJM requirements for critical black start generation, which of the following statements applies to the unit’s capability to maintain frequency? (Select 2) a. Dynamic offline testing of the unit’s voltage controls b. Dynamic offline testing of the unit’s governor control c. Producing leading and lagging VARS d. Picking up an isolated block of load

b and d

15. Which of the following would be considered as the “first step” in determining the status of generations after a disturbance or event has occurred? a. Stabilize surviving online generation b. Determine what generation has survived the event and is still in service c. Determine the status of generation that was offline prior to the event d. Prepare offline generation for start up

b. Determine what generation has survived the event and is still in service

1. The policy of PJM is to maintain, at all times, the integrity of the PJM RTO transmission systems, the Eastern interconnection, and to prevent any unplanned separation of the transmission owners system. a. True b. False

a. True

2. Who has an obligation to protect their own system’s equipment and reliability? a. NERC b. Transmission/Generation owner c. Generator operator d. Contractors

b. Transmission/Generation owner

3. The strategy of the PJM system restoration plan is to: a. Restore the integrity of the interconnection as quickly as possible b. Buy MWs as cheap as possible c. Buy MWs as expensive as possible d. Shed load

a. Restore the integrity of the interconnection as quickly as possible

4. PJM Mid-Atlantic control zone criteria is that if the frequency is at or below what Hz value for 30 seconds, generation and load connected to the same bus may be sequestered? a. 55.0 b. 58.0 c. 60.0 d. 62.0

b. 58.0

5. The under frequency load shedding schemes vary from control zone to control zone. a. True b. False

a. True

6. The ComEd control zone consists of three settings with what % reduction of load at each step? a. 5% b. 10% c. 25% d. 50%

b. 10%

7. Who is responsible for restoring its zonal customer load with internal generation or through coordinated efforts with other transmission/generation owners and PJM? a. Transmission owner b. Transmission operator c. Generation owner d. Generation operator

a. Transmission owner

8. Who immediately establishes communications with the transmission owners and adjacent balancing authorities experiencing the disturbance to establish the extent and severity of the separation? a. NERC b. RRO c. PJM system operator d. FERC

c. PJM system operator

9. There are only how many categories of reserves that are essential and therefore need to be tracked during system restoration? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

a. Two

10. What reserve is defined as the amount of reserve in an area (or subsystem) must be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of the largest energy contingency (generation or load)? a. Synchronous b. Dynamic c. Static d. Spinning

b. Dynamic

What reserve is required in order to enable an area or subsystem to return to a pre-contingency state (both tie-lines and frequency) as soon as possible after a contingency? a. Synchronous b. Dynamic c. Static d. Spinning

a. Synchronous

12. PJM system control may progress through three stages depending on existing system conditions. Which one doesn’t apply? a. Manual control b. Flat frequency control c. Manual frequency d. Tie-line bias control

c. Manual frequency

13. How many parts are there for voice messages? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

b. Three

14. Who must critically assess the content of the message and get clarification if needed before carrying out any action? a. Receiver b. Sender c. Supervisor d. Manager

a. Receiver

15. What is of critical importance to dispatchers during restoration of the system and to others after the system has been restored? a. Logging b. Working c. Thinking d. Stalling

a. Logging

16. A system blackout generally causes initial confusion and creates a large number of SCADA alarms and reports. a. True b. False

a. True

17. What is one of the most critical pieces of equipment in the restoration process? a. Station battery b. Additional wires c. Additional people d. Poles

a. Station battery

18. What type of reserve has the capability which is required in order to enable an area to restore its tie-lines or other facilities to pre-contingency state as soon as possible after a contingency that caused an imbalance between load and generation? a. Synchronous reserves b. Dynamic reserves c. Spinning reserves d. Non-spinning reserves

a. Synchronous reserves

19. What type of reserve is the amount of reserve that is available in order to preserve the system during a frequency disturbance? a. Synchronous reserves b. Dynamic reserves c. Spinning reserves d. Non-spinning reserves

b. Dynamic reserves

20. The amount of dynamic reserve needed can be determined by analysis of generator “load pick-up factors” for units paralleled to the system. a. True b. False

a. True

21. Who takes necessary actions to perform a safe plant shutdown and prepare equipment for restart as soon as possible? a. Generating plant operators b. Reliability coordinators c. Distribution providers d. Load serving entity

a. Generating plant operators

22. Black start unit operators shall not permit their fuel inventory for critical black start CTs to fall below what time duration? a. 8 hours b. 10 hours c. 12 hours d. 24 hours

b. 10 hours

23. It is important that every effort be made to maintain frequency between what range? a. 59.75-61.00Hz b. 60.00-61.00Hz c. 58.85-58.86Hz d. 61.00-62.00Hz

a. 59.75-61.00Hz

24. What is restored to the generating sites as soon as possible to improve their availability? a. Off-site power b. Auxiliary power c. On-site power d. Wind

b. Auxiliary power

25. During the restoration process, the BES is operated so that reasonable voltage profiles can be maintained between what percentages of nominal? a. 80%-85% b. 90%-105% c. 95%-96% d. 98%-100%

b. 90%-105%

26. The general strategy is to utilize static devices to absorb or provide what to maintain voltages within an acceptable bandwidth? a. VARs b. MWs c. Costs d. Sales

a. VARs

27. Prior to synchronization, the transmission owner must communicate with whom and get approval for synchronization? a. FRCC b. PJM c. NERC d. FERC

b. PJM

28. It is desirable that restoration plans have redundancy built into them such as, when developing each subsystem, at least two sources of cranking power and black start steam units are included. a. True b. False

a. True

29. Who along with PJM determine the extent of the service interruption within its boundaries and inform the appropriate personnel as soon as possible of existing generation and transmission capacities, equipment damage, and other appropriate information? a. Transmission operator b. Transmission owner c. Reliability coordinator d. Distribution provider

b. Transmission owner

30. A company connected to what, should supply any available excess energy for load to a deficient company? a. Eastern interconnection b. Market c. Generator d. Transmission line

a. Eastern interconnection

31. PJM will work with the TOs to identify areas in the RTO where it would be beneficial to coordinate system restoration plans. a. True b. False

a. True

32. What level of cross zonal coordination refers to supplying black start generation from outside a TO zone to meet that zones critical load requirements? a. Level one b. Level two c. Level three d. Level four

a. Level one

33. What level of cross zonal coordination refers to supplying critical load and/or customer load pockets across TO zones? a. Level one b. Level two c. Level three d. Level four

b. Level two

34. What level of cross zonal coordination refers to fully aggregate TO restoration plans into a combined plan for a newly defined restoration region? a. Level one b. Level two c. Level three d. Level four

c. Level three

1. The policy of the PJM RTO is to at all times, maintain which of the following? a. The integrity of the PJM RTO transmission system b. Instability c. Violations d. Emergency situations

a. The integrity of the PJM RTO transmission system

2. Each transmission/generation owner has an obligation to protect their own system’s equipment and reliability. a. True b. False

a. True

3. The PJM operating agreement (OA) provides that PJM had the responsibility to? a. Expand their financial gain from reliable operations b. Not report violations c. Put other systems above their own d. Direct the operations of the members as necessary to manage, alleviate, or end an emergency

d. Direct the operations of the members as necessary to manage, alleviate, or end an emergency

4. PJM may implement a “top-down”, “bottom-up”, or both a top-down” and “bottom-up” restoration strategy simultaneously to restore the system as quickly as possible. a. True b. False

a. True

5. PJM Mid-Atlantic control zone criteria is that if the frequency is at or below 60.0Hz for 30 seconds, generation and load connected to the same bus may be sequestered. a. True b. False

b. False

The Mid-Atlantic control zone consists of three UFLS with what percentage of load reduction at each step? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 25%

b. 10%

7. The Western control zone consists of five UFLS with what percentage of load reduction at each step? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 25%

a. 5%

8. In the PJM RTO, all attempts are made to ensure frequency is regulated between? a. 58.50-59.75Hz b. 59.75-60.00Hz c. 59.99-62.00Hz d. 62.50-64.50Hz

b. 59.75-60.00Hz except it's actually 61 Hz on the top side

9. During the restoration process, the BES is operated so that reasonable voltage profiles can be maintained between what percentages nominally? a. 90-105% b. 25-50% c. 50-75% d. 75-80%

a. 90-105%

10. What is required in order to enable an area or subsystem to return to a pre-contingency state (both tie-lines and frequency) as soon as possible after a contingency? a. Synchronous reserves b. MWs c. MVARs d. Synchronous condensers

a. Synchronous reserves

11. Regulation is what percent of the interconnected area load? a. 1% b. 2% c. 5% d. 10%

b. 2%

12. What type of AGC control is used to develop an ACE signal when BA tie-lines are in service under normal conditions? a. Flat frequency control b. Tie line bias control c. Flat control d. Manual control

b. Tie line bias control

13. PJM serves as both the RC and TOP for the PJM area a. True b. False

a. True

14. Who operates the 138kV transmission systems, even though PJM serves as the TOP for its other transmission assets? a. PJM b. AEP c. NERC d. FERC

b. AEP

15. Voice messages have three parts, which of the following is not one of those parts? a. Introduction b. Body c. Ending d. Summary

c. Ending

16. Which of the following is of critical importance to dispatchers during restoration of the system and to others after the system has been restored? a. Rest b. Logging c. Thinking d. Economics

b. Logging

17. Telecommunication systems are used in conjunction with RTUs. a. True b. False

a. True

18. What is the amount of reserve that is available in order to preserve the system during a frequency disturbance in the restoration process? a. Dynamic reserves b. Synchronous reserves c. MVAR reserves d. MW reserves

a. Dynamic reserves

19. Following a system event that caused a full or partial system shutdown, generating plant operators take necessary actions to perform a safe plant shutdown and prepare equipment for restart as soon as possible. a. True b. False

a. True

20. During system restoration, governors must be blocked and plant operators must operate the generator in a mode which allows the governors to respond to frequency deviations if this mode of control is available. a. True b. False

b. False