Quiz 3 (Torso and girdles) Flashcards
1
Q
Hyaline cartilage where is it found (3)
A
tracheal rings
costal cartilages of the ribs
covers bone surfaces at synovial joints
2
Q
Brief description of hyaline cartilage (3points)
A
matrix of closely packed collagen fibers not easily seen under the light microscope.
Clear, glassy appearance
tough but flexible
3
Q
Fibrocartilage where is it found (3)
A
intervertebral discs
menisci of the knee joint
symphysis pubis
4
Q
Brief description of fibrocartilage (2)
A
matrix is supported by collagenous fibers which are densely packed and regularly arranged.
very tough and durable
messier looking that hyaline cartilage under the microscope.
5
Q
pl. of vertebra
A
vertebrae
6
Q
vertebra
A
bone that houses and protects part of the spinal cord
7
Q
intervertebral foramina
A
gaps between the pedicles of the successive vertebrae which permit the passage of nerves to or from the enclosed spinal cord
8
Q
intervertebral discs
A
fibrocartilage that separates and cushions the vertebrae
9
Q
Sacrum
A
fusion of five sacral vertebrae
superior to the coccyx
10
Q
coccyx
A
3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
inferior to sacrum
11
Q
Primary curvatures def.
A
born with these, also known as accommodation curvatures
12
Q
2 primary curvatures
A
thoracic and pelvic(sacral) curvature
13
Q
thoracic curvature
A
posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
14
Q
pelvic (sacral) curvature
A
posterior curvature of the sacrum
15
Q
seconday curvatures def.
A
develop as you learn to hold your head up and walk
16
Q
cervical curvature
A
anterior curvature of the cervical vertebrae
17
Q
lumbar curvature
A
anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebrae
18
Q
2 secondary curvatures
A
cervical and lumbar curvatures
19
Q
Structures of all the vertebrae
A
body (centrum) vertebral foramen spinous process transverse processes vertebral arch superior articular processes inferior articular processes
20
Q
another name for the body of the vertebra
A
centrum
21
Q
Body
A
thick, large anterior section
22
Q
vertebral foramen
A
area which the spinal cord passes through
posterior to the body
23
Q
spinous process
A
most posterior of the processes
generally midline
can often see under the skin of the back
24
Q
transverse processes
A
processes on the lateral sides of the vertebra
25
vertebral arch (2)
pedicles (anterior)
| laminae (posterior)
26
pedicles (of the vertebral arch)
arise along the posterolateral margins of the body
27
laminae (of the vertebral arch)
on either side exten dorsomedially to form the roof of the vertebral arch
28
superior articular processes
project cranially from the posterior surface of the vertebra
29
superior articular facet
polished surface on posterior of superior articular process
30
inferior articular processes
project dorsally from the posterior surface of the vertebra
31
inferior articular facet
polished surface on the anterior surface of the inferior articular processes
32
Atlas/axis articulation allows this
to turn head side to side
33
The joint between the atlas and axis does not have this
intervertebral disk
34
Cervical vertebrae sturcturs
transverse foramina
| bifid spinous process (C2-C6)
35
transverse foramina and what vertebra are the found
holse in the transverse processes
| c1-c7
36
costal process
originate near the ventrolateral portion of the vertebral body
37
How many cervical vertebra
7
38
bifid spinous process and what vertebra are they found
c2-c6
| spinous process split into two at the end
39
atlas, which vertebra number
c1
40
atlas what does it articulate with
occipital condyles
41
atlas, what makes it special (2)
lacks a body
| large vertebral foramen
42
axis, which number
c2
43
axis, what makes it special
presence of dens (odontoid process)
44
odontoid process (and other name)
dens
| bony process that is the remnant of the fused body of the atlas
45
name of C7
vertebral prominens
46
what makes the vertebral prominens special
long slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle
47
How man thoracic vertebra
12
48
Thoracic vertebra (T1-T12)
reps attach
| inferior pointed spinous process (giraffe)
49
Special structures of the thoracic vertebra
transverse costal facets
| demifacets (superior and inferior) (costal facets)
50
transverse costal facets
smooth surfaces on the anterior surface of the transverse process
articulates with tubercle of the rib
51
demifacets
ruff patchs on the lateral, posterior body of the vertebrae
| Articulates of the head of the rib
52
Number of lumbar vertebrae
5
53
Special features of the lumbar vertebrae
large, thick body
| caudally pointing spinous process (moose)
54
Sacrum number of fused vertebra
5
55
auricular surfaces (sacrum)
articulates with the pelvic girdle at the sacroilliac joint
56
sacral promontory
prominent bulge at the anterior tip of the base (superoanterior surface)
57
superior articular processes
form synovial articulations with the last lumbar vertebra
58
superior articular facets
polished portion of the superior articular processes
59
sacral canal
inside the median sacral crest
60
venral/dorsal sacral foramina
holes in the sacrum can be seen through from the front or back
61
median sacral crest
ridge that runs down the middle of the sacrum posteriorly
62
lateral sacral crests
ridges (paired) running down the outside edges of the sacrum
63
sacral hiatus
end of the sacral canal
| opening at the bottom of the sacrum
64
number of coccyx bones
Co1-Co4
65
Where is the coccyx located
most inferior portion of the vertebral column
66
coccygeal cornua (Co1)
medial horns on the superior surface of the coccyx
67
Easy way to ID rib top and bottom
superior surface is smooth, inferior surface is ruff/pointed
| structures point posteriorly
68
Types of ribs 2
true ribs
| false ribs
69
true ribs
first 7 rib pairs
| connect to the sternum with costal cartilage
70
false ribs
8-10
| fuse before reaching the sternum with costal cartilage
71
structures of the rib
head (capitulum)
neck
tubercle (tuberculum)
72
Another name for the head of the rib
capitulum
73
head of the rib
articulates of the body of the thoracic vertebra
74
neck of the rib
area between the head and the tubercle
75
tubercle another name for
tuberculum
76
tubercle of the rib
projects dorsally, inferior portion articulates with transverse process of the thoracic vertabra
77
Special example of false ribs, whats different
floating ribs, last 2 ribs that do not connect to the sternum
78
costal carilages
cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum
79
Three parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
80
sternum
medially located in upper thorax consisting of 3 structures
81
manubrium
superior portion of the sternum, articulates of clavicals and costal cartilage of the first rib pair
82
body
attaches to inferior surface of manubrium
2-7 attach with costal cartilage
8-10 also attach with the costal cartilage of 7
83
xiphoid process
most inferior part of the sternum
| diaphragm and rectus abdominis attach
84
Two types of anatomical girdles
complete
| pectoral
85
complete girdle
belt of bone
| stability over range of motion
86
pectoral girdle
imcomplete girdle
only connected to the clavicle by the sternum
muscle attachment everywhere else
range of motion better, less stability
87
Bones of the pectoral girdle
clavicle
| scapula
88
Structures of the clavicle
```
superior surface
inferior surface
sternal (medial) end
acromial end (lateral)
conoid tubercle
costal tuberosity
```
89
Clavicle: superior surface vs inferior surface
superior surface is smooth
| inferior surface has rough patchs and tuberocities
90
anatomical names for ends of clavicle
sternal end
| acromial end
91
directional names for ends of clavicle
medial end
| lateral end
92
conoid tubercle
points inferior on acromial end of clavicle
| Little past halfway between the acromial and sternal ends
93
costal tuberosity
smaller than conoid tubercle
sternal end
points inferiorly
94
Medial (vertebral) border (scapula)
lateral to the vertebral column
| longest boarder
95
lateral (axillary) boarder (scapula)
lower lateral boarder
| inferior to the glenoid cavity
96
scapular spine
large spine on posterior of scapula
97
acromion
large process at the lateral end of the scapular spine
| articulates with the clavicle
98
coracoid process (scapula)
anterior hook shaped process
99
glenoid cavity (fossa)
articulation point with head of humerus
100
supraglenoid tubercle
bump at superior ridge of glenoid cavity
101
infraglenoid tubercle
projection inferior to glenoid cavity
102
supraspinous fossa
depression superior to the scapular spine
103
infraspinous fossa
depression inferior to the scapular spine
104
subscapular fossa
depression on anterior surface of the scapula
| proximal side to ribs
105
Name for the pelvic girdle
Os Coxa bone
106
Three bones(regions) of the Os Coxa
illium (region)
ishium (region)
pubis (region)
107
acetabulum
large depression, articulates with femer
108
obturator foramen
largest foramen in the body
109
true pelvis
lower pelvis (fully enclose belt of bone)
110
false pelvis
upper pelvis (only protected on three sides, front is open)
111
pelvic brim
Superior view, it is the plan around the pelvic inlet
112
pelvic inlet
superior view, it is the large hole down the middle of the pelvic girdle
113
Ilium
Large superior portion of the Os Coxa bone
114
Iliac crest
superior ridge of the ilium
115
auricular surface + other name
sacroiliac joint
| point of articulation with sacrum
116
Anterior superior iliac spine
The spine that projects medially from the anterior end of the iliac crest
117
anterior inferior iliac spine
spine that projects anteriomedially, which is inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine
118
posterior superior iliac spine
spine that projects caudally from the posterior end of the illiac crest
119
posterior inferior iliac spine
small spine that projects caudally from the posterior lower edge of the sacroiliac joint
120
greater sciatic notch
large notch inferior to the sacroiliac joint
121
posterior gluteal line
ridge on the lateral surface of the iliac crest
122
anterior gluteal line
ridge on the lateral surface of the ilium region.
| lower edge of the ridge begins at the sciatic arch, and curves up towards the anterior portion of the iliac crest
123
inferior gluteal line
ridge on the lateral surface of the ilium region.
most inferior ridge that begins near the sciatic notch, and moves superiorly to the acetabulum. Ending near the anterior inferior iliac spine
124
Structures of the ischium region
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
125
location of ischium region
posterior half of the lower area of the Os Coxa
| makes up the "butt bones"
126
lesser sciatic notch
notch inferior to the greater sciatic notch
127
ischial tuberosity
infraposterior edge of the ischium
128
ischial spine
spine that separates the greater and lesser sciatic notchs
129
Structures of the pubis region
pubic symphysis
| pubic arch
130
location of pubis region
infra-anterior portion of the Os Coxa
131
pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage joining the two pubis
132
pubic arch
pubic angle created at the pubic symphysis
133
Difference between male and female Os Coxa
Pubic angle of men is 100 degrees
134
Spina bifida
most common neural tube defect
| abnormal spinal cord development such that adjacent verteral arches do not form
135
osteopenia
inadequate ossification, naturally occurs as we age
| begins between ages 30-40
136
osteoporosis
reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function
137
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
138
kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curvature
| caused by osteoporosis, chronic contraction of muscles, abnormal vertebral growth
139
lordosis
sway-back
anterior exaggeration of the lumbar curve
caused by abdominal wall obesity/weakness
140
Herniated vs slipped disc
slipped disc is a distortion in the disk material that partially forces it into the vertebral canal. C5-C6, L4-L5, L5-S1
Herniated disk is a severly distorted disk material which breaks through and enters the vertebral canal
141
laminectomy
Fusion of two vertebrae which may require the removal of the nearest vertebral arch by shaving away the laminae
142
osteomylitis
painful and destructive bone infection generally caused by bacteria
143
Gigantism
occurs if hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty
144
acromegaly
overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates of fused. results in bone shape change and cartilaginous areas of skeleton to enlarge (521)
145
Pituitary dwarfism
inadequate production of growth hormone before puberty.
| Normal proportions.
146
achondroplastic dwarfism
result of abnormal epiphyseal activity (slow growth)
Sexual and mental development are unaffected. Short arms and legs, trunk is normal size.
Abnormal gene on chromosome 4 affects a fibroblast growth factor.
Two recessive genes leads to sever abnormalities and early death
147
neck hyper flexion
look in book at school
148
spondylolysis
look in book at school
