Quiz 1 (Body organization, epithelial/connective tissues, skin, facial bones) Flashcards
bilateral
relating to two sides of the body
ipsilateral
relating to the same side
contralateral
relating to the opposite side
axilla
armpit
supraorbital margin
superciliary ridge
auricle
exterior of ear
cubital fossa (antecubitis)
depression immediatly distal to bicep
inguinal ligament
forms the superior boundry of the femoral triangle
gluteus medius
small muscle superior and lateral to the gluteus maximus
popliteal fossa
posterior depression of knee
grastrocnemius
cav
abdominopelvid regions (9 region method)
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar (right lateral abdominal) umbilical left lumbar (left lateral abdominal) right inguinal (right iliac) hypogastric left inguinal (left iliac)
abdominopelvic quadrants (4 region method)
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
location of the appendix (both region methods)
right inguinal (right iliac) right lower quadrant
Body cavities
posterior
anterior
posterior cavities
cranial cavity vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
anterior cavities
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
radiography/x-rays
high-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues. Creates and image with radio dense tissues appearing white and less dence grey/black
CT/CAT scan
computerized axial tomography
imaging technique that reconstructs the 3D structure of the body
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences
inspection
general and local inspection of the body.
largest amount of information can be gained
palpation
used of hands/fingers to feel the body.
sense temperature, underlying structures, sensitive spots
normal understanding of anatomy is essential
percussion
tapping on the body to determine the density of underlying tissues
auscultation
listening to body sounds, usually with a stethoscope
keratin
type of protein in epithelial cells causes cells to become tough and water resistant
presence eventually leads to cell death
nonkeratinized
abrasion protection, will dry out unless kept moist
function of simple squamous epithelia
gas exchange
diffusion
blood vessel permeability
function of stratified squamous epithelia
protect against abrasion and dehydration
areolar connective tissue
found below epithelium in most parts of the body. made up of mostly fibroblasts with elastic and collagenous fibers
Specific locations of areolar connective tissue
papillary layer of the dermis
around organs
blood vessels
function of areolar connective tissue
cushion, strength, elastic, support
adipose connective tissue
has modified fibroblasts which store fat and thus become swollen, pushing the nucleus to the edge of the cell
widely distributed throughout the body (around heart, skin, ect)
function of adipose connective tissue
cushion, insulation, store energy, heat production
dense irregular connective tissue
irregularly arrange collagenous fibers. contains fibroblasts and a few elastic fibers
reticular layer of dermis
functions of dense irregular connective tissue
inconsistant pattern lends strength and support in many directions
elastic fibers stain this way, collagen fibers stain this way
dark
light
Carilage
a supporting connective tissue. made up of chondrocytes surrounded by a semisolid gel-like matrix.
where do the chondrocytes reside
lacunae
T/F: cartilage has a good blood supply
F, it is avascular
Layers of epidermis (deep to superficial)
Stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
Layers of dermis (deep to superficial)
hypodermis (below the dermis)
reticular (bot 4/5) dense irregular connective tissue
papillary (top 1/5) loose connective tissue
Another name for stratum basale
stratum germinativum
stratum basale
deepest layer
single layer of cells
attached to basal lamina
contains melanocytes
stratum spinosum
kerotinocyte differenetiation occurs
several layers thick
development of desmosomes
langerhans cells are present
stratum granulosum
last layer cells contain a nucleous
producing large amounts of keratin and kerathyalin
excretions form watertight layer
stratum lucidum
only found in thick skin (soles/palms)
glassy layer
stratum corneum
multiple layers of flattened dead keritinocytes
relativly dry and water resistant
not water proof however
permits slow water loss through insensable perspiration
carotene
orange/yellow pigment
melanin
black
brown
yellow/brown pigment
thin vs thick skin
think has very thick stratum corneum and presence of stratum lucidum
Dermis contains (7)
blood vessels nerve fibers sebaceous glands (sebum or oil) sudoriferous glands (sweat) hair follicles and hair arrector pili muscle tactile receptors
Blood vessels (dermis)
located in both the papillary and reticular layer
supply nutrients to the tissues of the dermis and epidermis
nerve fibers (dermis)
common in papillary layer of dermis
sebaceous glands (dermis)
secrete onto hair follicles, skin surface
two types of sudoriferous glands (dermis)
apocrine
eccrine (merocrine)
apocrine sudoriferous glands (dermis)
larger, limited distribution
viscous secretion
influenced by hormones
possible communitcation
eccrine sudoriferous glands (dermis)
smaller wide spread distribution
thin secretions controlled by nervous system
thermoregulation and secretion
3 types of hair (dermis)
vellus
terminal
intermediate
vellus hair
peach fuzzhairs
terminal hair
heavy, deeply pigmented, sometimes curly
intermediate hair
hairs that change in distribution
hairs of the upper and lower limbs
arrector pili muscle
ribbion of smooth muscle
extends from papillary dermis to connective tissued around follicle
causes hair to stand up
4 types of tactile receptors (dermis)
Pacinian corpuscle
meissner’s corpuscle
ruffini corpuscle
merkel cells (epidermal)
pacinian corpuscle
laminated corpuscle sensation of pressure and vibration initial deep contack and high frequency vibrations fast adapting located in reticular layer of dermis large and laminated
meissner’s corpuscle
tactile corpuscle
found where sensitivites are extremely well developed
sensation = pressure, vibration
respond to initial contact, low frequency vibrations
papillary region of dermis
ruffini corpuscle
sensation of deep pressure
responds to stretch/distortion of the dermis
smaller and slightly superficial in the reticular layer of the dermis
merkel cells
located in stratum basale also known as tactile disks sensitive to fine touch and pressure tonically active highly sensitive, narrow receptive fields
osteon
whole tree trunk structure
osteonic canal names
osteonic/haversian/central canal
osteonic canal
center of the trunk
contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves
perforating (volkmann’s canals)
run perpendicular to central canal to connect all osteons
lamellae types
concentric
interstitial
concentric lamellae
rings of bone tissue in the tree
interstitial lamellae
bone tissue not included in the rings of the tree
osteocyte
mature bone cell
maintains the bone matrix
lacunae
osteocytes rest in these
means “little lake”
canaliculi
processes that connect from cell to cell in the bone
function of the bone/skeletal system
protect support lever for movment blood cell production storage of minerals
classification of bones (pg 131, read)
flat bones sutural bone pneumatized bone long bones irregular bones sezemoid bone short bones
yellow marrow
adipocytes
red marrow
blood cells
stemcells
Maxillary bone strutures (8)
maxillary sinuses palatine processes (palatal) alveoli alveolar processes teeth inferior orbital fissure incisive foramen infra-orbital foramen
incisive foramen
nasopalatine nerve
infra-orbital foramen
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN5)
Palatine bone structures
greater palatine foramen
horizontal plate
perpendicular plate
zygomatic bone structures
temporal process of the zygomatic bone
zygomatic arch
lacrimal bones structures
nasolacrimal canal
nasolacrimal canal
located towards the anterior/inferior portion of the lacrimal bone
Nasal bones
paired bones that make up the bridge of the nsoe
vomer
forms bottom half of nasal septum
Nasal septum
composed of (top) perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and (bottom) vomer cartilage section is formed from hyline cartilage
inferior nasal conchae
most inferior projections on the lateral surfaces of the nasal opening
Structures of the mandible bone
ramus condylar processes coronoid processes alveoli alveolar processes mandibular foramina mental foramina
condylar processes
articulate with mandibular fossa of the squamous region of the temporal bone
most posterior process
mandibular foramina
inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular division of CN 5)
mental foramina
Mental nerve (mandibular division of CN 5)
Hyoid bone structures
greater cornua (horns) Lesser cornua (horns)
Hyoid bone characteristics
attachment point for muscles that is neither a facial or cranial bone
greater cornua
on the ends of the hyoid bone
lesser cornua
proccesses on the anterior surface (fanglike)
clinical considerations on page 20
okay
