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Pharmacology 3 > Quiz 3 Infections > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Nonpathogen?

A

A microorganism that does not cause disease, may be part of the normal microbiota

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2
Q

Opportunistic pathogen?

A

An agent capable of causing disease only when the hosts resistance is impaired (immunocompromised patient)

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3
Q

Pathogen?

A

A microorganism capable of causing disease

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4
Q

Pathogenicity?

A

Pathogens ability to evade and overwhelm the host defense mechanisms and cause disease

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5
Q

Portal of Entry?

A

Route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host

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6
Q

Superantigen

A

Protein toxins that activate the immune system by binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cells receptors (TCR) Stimulate large numbers of T cells to produce massive quantities of cytokines

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7
Q

Toxigenicity

A

The ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin that contributes to the development of disease

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8
Q

Tropism

A

Localization of a virus or disease to specific cells or tissues, generally determined by cellular receptors

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9
Q

Viral titer

A

Concentration of viral particle

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10
Q

Virulence

A

Is the degree of pathogenicity of an organism; the quantitative ability of an agent to cause disease. Virulent agents cause disease whrn introduced into the host in small numbers. Virulence involves adherence, persistence, invasion, and toxigenicity

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11
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A

-Transmission, horizontal, vertical, vector borne or not - Colonization: Adherence and Tropism - Invasion - Multiplication - Spread

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12
Q

What is horizontal, vertical and vector borne transmission?

A

Horizontal- Get it from someone else Vertical- Transmission from Mom to fetus - Vector borne- Need another animal to deliver the infection (Mosquito)

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13
Q

Transmission can be human to human and there are 4 what are they?

A
  • Respiratory or salivary (flu) - Fecal-oral- (Rotavirus) - Congenital- Mother fetus - Blood or blood products HIV
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14
Q

What is the other type of transmission?

A

Vector-Vector-vertebrate, insect bites, dengue yellow fever - Vertebrate reservoir- Dog bites, rabbies

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15
Q

The most often portal of entry for infection is?

A

Mucosal membrane, of respiratory, Gi, and genitourinary tracts

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16
Q

What are the factors that influence the severity of an infection?

A
  • MOA - Infectivity - Pathogenicity - Virulence - Immunogenicity - Toxigenicity - Portal of Entry
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17
Q

Shedding is significant in what disease? And what does it mean exactly

A

In HIV, When the patient is infected but doesn’t show any symptoms to make you think you have it.

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18
Q

What are the four stages of infection and what other stage can happen?

A

-Incubation - Prodromal Stage - Invasion Period -Symptoms - Convalesence - getting better - Latency and reactivation can occur meaning the disease can come back like chicken pox –> Shingles

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19
Q

What is an acute infection?

A

Its often a primary infection - Viral replication starts then followed by a strong immune response and decrease in viral titers (concentration)

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20
Q

What is a Latent Infection?

A

It is not recognized by the immune response by maintaining silent, the genome remains untranscribed Then it reactivates occasionally (HSV)

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21
Q

What is a persistent infection?

A

Its persists at high titers in the tissue. Associated with immune tolerance due to deletion and exhaustion of antigen specific T Lymphocytes (HBV)

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22
Q

What are the two types of Viral Spreading?

A
  • Pathogen confined to site of entry - Pathogen causing generalized infection by spreading through
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23
Q

Pathogen causing generalization by spreading through what? Systemic spreading

A

Septicemia- (Bateria from one infection spreading to blood) Sepsis- When the body responds to an infection and starts to injure its own tissues?

24
Q

What are the pathogen defense mechanisms?

A
  • Has a surface coat that can inhibit phagocytosis, surface receptors to bind host cells and toxins - Antigenic Variation + Mutation, Antigenic Drift - Recombination Antigenic shift - Gene Switching - Bacterial communication
25
Q

Pathogenic Adaptations Include?

A
  • Suppression of immune response - Antigenic Changes - Development of resistance
26
Q

Acute primary infection for AIDS occurs whem?

A

Within weeks of infection , virus infects mucosal T vell, High levels of Viremia (Spread through blood) Spread to lymphoid organs 3-6 weeks without immune response

27
Q

During Latency of AIDs what happens?

A

The initial immune response occurs. Staying silent

28
Q

AIDs occurs when? CD4 levels

A

Number of CD4+ fall below 200 cells/microliter

29
Q

Primary infection is diagnosed by?

A

HIV-RNA, HIV-1 by ELISA

30
Q

HIV most importantly causes?

A

Opportunistic pathogens and Cancers

31
Q

M-tropism attacking macrophages —->

A

T-tropism which attack CD4+ T cells especially ones that are anti HIV specific.

32
Q

Explain the precess of HIV infections and when its most apparent that it is HIV

A

Pneumocystis Jirovecii

33
Q

TB occurs with what very often?

A

TB

34
Q

Microbacterium Avium is a ____ infection

A

Opportunistic Infections

35
Q

Protozoal oppotunistic infection

A

Cryptosporidiosis, GI Toxoplamosis of brain

36
Q

Viral infections like _____ are oportunistic viral infections that cause disease and are originally in out bodies when infected by AIDs

A

CMV- specific for HIV EBV- oral hairy leukoplakia KSV, Sarcoma- most common AIDs related malignancy

37
Q

Hep B and __ are ____ infections when diagnosing aids

A

and C are coinfections

38
Q

AIDs defining list?

A

1) Viral- Kaposi sarcoma caused by Herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) - Oral hairy Leukiplakia by EBV - CMV infections (other than liver, spleen or nodes) 2) Bacterial- Mycobactrium avium complex (MAC) Disseminated 3) Fungal - Pneumocyctis pneumonia - Cryprococcal infections in CNS - Candidiasis in esophagus Protozoan: Toxoplasmosis

39
Q

Wasting syndrome?

A

Advanced stage of AIDs - Poor absoprtion of nutrients - Chronic weakness makes the body more susceptible - Diarrhea - Cytokine production

40
Q

CNS symptoms in HIV?

A

-Neuropathy -Myopathy - CNS neoplams opportunistic infections

41
Q

Stages of AIDs

A

-Appearance of infections that are otherwise easy to treat - Cannot recover - Progressive worsening of opportunistic infections -Weakness, neuropathy, pain, Cognitive impairment - Death

42
Q

AIDs

A

Cell number and AIDs defining illnesses

43
Q

Immunopathogenis

A

celling T-cells

44
Q

Cancers in HIV

A

Almost always infectious related cancers

45
Q

Retro Virus

A

RNA virus that replicates itself through DNA intermediate

46
Q

cp120 and cp41

A

bind to CD4-

47
Q

These need?

A

Chemokine Coreceptor

48
Q

HIV virus has to___ What are these called and do all use both?

A

Through itself via Chemokine receptors CXCR4 (X4) and CCR5 (R5) Some only use CCR5 and some only CXCR4 Yes they can use both

49
Q

Once HIV bind to CD4 receptor and CXCR4 or CCR5 receptor what happens?

A

Begins to fuse and RNA begins to float inside cell - Reverse transcriptase polymerase form RNA on virus- Goes RNA–>DNA copy - DNA copy then improrted into the nucleus and goes into the genome (random spot) - Once inside genome there is now a DNA copy of the virus - Then positive strand RNA is formed to make more virus and also transcribe proteins —>translated These are targets for drugs

50
Q

In order to effectively block HIV you need to do what? Pertaining to drugs

A

You need to use more than one drug because these viruses make so many errors you have to have multiple classes

51
Q

High mutation rate from HIV does what?

A

The immune system will not recognize the changing proteins

52
Q

Slow replications from HIV? The biggest thing that HIv does is what?

A

The immunes system recognition. HIV gets into immunepriviledged sites which make it hard for the immune system to get into certain areas that HIV is present in.

53
Q

HAART?

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy - Combination therapy - Biggest thing clinical trial done 3 years ago, antiretroviral therapy is not jsut for active disease- it can be used profilactically treating a person that is a HIV negative. this decrease transmission like crazy. Its can help prevention of transmission adn start to isolate very similar to what happens with vaccine

54
Q

Maravoroc?

A

HIV entry inhibitor that stops binding with CCR5 receptor - Can interfere with immune response, not effective at all with CXCR4 because CCR5 isnt used

55
Q

gp120 binds to CD4 and allows for fusion and Gp41 folds the envelope what stops this?

A

Enfuvirtide T-20 Blocking the virus from getting into the cell fusion inhibitor

56
Q

Integrase inhibitors?

A

Raltegravir, prevent virus DNA from integrating into host genome

Pharmacology 3 (20 decks)

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