QUIZ 2.2 Flashcards
The phase where the cell grows,
replicates its DNA, and prepares for
cell division.
INTERPHASE
The first stage of mitosis, where
chromosomes condense, and the
nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.
PROPHASE
The first stage of mitosis, where
chromosomes condense, and the
nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.
METAPHASE
The stage where sister chromatids
separate and move to opposite ends of
the cell.
ANAPHASE
The stage where chromosomes reach
opposite ends of the cell, and new nuclear
membranes form around each set.
TELOPHASE
The process of dividing the cytoplasm
to create two separate daughter cells.
CYTOKINESIS
A structure composed of DNA and
proteins, carrying genetic
information.
CHROMOSOME
The central part of a chromosome
where sister chromatids are attached.
CENTROMERE
Each of the two identical halves of a
duplicated chromosome.
CHROMATID
A cell that contains two sets of
chromosomes, one from each parent.
DIPLOID
Subcellular structure that has one or
more specific jobs to perform in the
cell.
ORGANELLES
Cells that can differentiate into any
cell or tissue in the body.
PLURIPOTENT
Cells that can differentiate into
multiple cell type, but are limited to
a specific lineage.
MULTIPOTENT
Filamentous structures that help
separate chromosomes during cell
division.
MICROTUBULES
A cylindrical organelle involved in the
development of spindle fibers in
animal cells.
CENTRIOLES
A sex cell (sperm or egg) that carries
half the genetic information of an
organism.
GAMETE
The fertilized cell formed by the
union of two gametes, restoring the
diploid chromosome number.
ZYGOTE
Refers to chromosomes that have the
same structure and genes but may
carry different alleles
HOMOLOGOUS
A variant of a gene that may produce
different traits.
ALLELE
The pairing of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis I,
allowing crossing-over to occur.
SYNAPSIS
A group of four chromatids (two
homologous chromosomes) that forms
during synapsis in meiosis.
TETRAD
The union of male and female
gametes to form a zygote.
FERTILIZATION
The separation of alleles or chromosomes
during meiosis, ensuring each gamete
gets one allele from each pair.
SEGREGRATION
Programmed cell death, a normal
process in development and health to
remove unneeded or damaged cells.
APOPTOSIS
The division of a cell’s nucleus during
mitosis.
KARYOKINESIS
A protein structure on chromosomes
where spindle fibers attach during cell
division.
KINETOOCHORE
The halving of the chromosome number in
meiosis, transforming a diploid cell into
haploid gametes.
REDUCTION
The site where crossing-over occurs
between homologous chromosomes
during meiosis.
CHIASMA
A change in the DNA sequence of a
gene that can result in a new trait or
characteristic.
MUTATION
The study of changes in gene
expression caused by factors other than
changes in DNA sequence, often
influenced by environmental factors.
EPIGENETICS
An organism that has been genetically
modified by introducing genes from
another species.
TRANSGENIC
A chromosome that is not a sex
chromosome.
AUTOSOME
A trait controlled by multiple genes,
often showing a range of expressions
(e.g., skin color or height).
POLYGENIC
A star-shaped structure formed around
each centrosome during mitosis in
animal cells.
ASTER
Regulatory points within the cell cycle
that ensure each stage is completed
correctly before moving to the next
stage.
CHECKPOINTS
Protein complexes that hold sister
chromatids together until they are
separated during anaphase
COHESIN
A short resting phase between meiosis
I and meiosis II where no DNA
replication occurs.
INTERKINESIS
A condition where cells within the
same individual have different genetic
compositions, often due to mutations in
development.
MOSAICISM
The rapid multiplication of cells through
cell division, often observed in tissues
during growth or repair.
PROLIFERATION
The spread of cancer cells from the
original site to other parts of the body
through the bloodstream or lymphatic
system.
METASTASIS
