QUIZ 2.1 Flashcards
Nutrients required in large amounts,
including carbohydrates, proteins, and
fats, which provide energy and are
essential for growth and bodily
functions.
MACRONUTRIENTS
Nutrients needed in small amounts, like
vitamins and minerals, essential for
specific bodily functions and disease
prevention.
MICRONUTRIENTS
The process by which the body converts
food into energy and builds or repairs
tissues.
METABOLISM
A stored form of glucose found mainly in
the liver and muscles, used as a quick
energy source when needed.
GLYCOGEN
A soft mass of chewed food mixed with
saliva, formed in the mouth before
swallowing.
BOLUS
Involuntary muscle contractions that move
food along the digestive tract, from the
esophagus to the intestines.
PERISTALSIS
A flap of tissue that covers the windpipe
during swallowing to prevent food from
entering the respiratory system.
EPIGLOTTIS
Small lymphatic vessels within the villi of
the small intestine that absorb dietary fats
and transport them into the bloodstream.
LACTEALS
Tiny hair-like projections on the surface of
villi that further increase surface area for
nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
MICROVILLI
A thick, semi-liquid mixture of partially
digested food and digestive juices formed
in the stomach and passed into the small
intestine.
CHYME
The final section of the small intestine,
responsible for absorbing vitamin B12, bile
salts, and any remaining nutrients.
ILEUM
A part of metabolism where the body
builds up cells and tissues, using energy
and nutrients to grow and repair.
ANABOLISM
The process of breaking down large
molecules in food into smaller molecules to
release energy.
CATABOLISM
A group of naturally occurring molecules
that include fats and oils, which are used
as an energy source and for storing energy
in the body.
LIPIDS
Compounds produced by the liver when
fats are broken down for energy, often
used by the body during times of low
carbohydrate intake
KETONES
A yellow compound that results from the
breakdown of red blood cells, processed by
the liver, and excreted in bile.
BILIRUBIN
A waste product formed in the liver from
the breakdown of proteins, which is
filtered out of the blood by the kidneys
and excreted in urine.
UREA
The process by which bile breaks down
large fat droplets into smaller ones, making
it easier for enzymes to digest fats.
EMULSIFICATION
The final act of digestion, involving the
elimination of indigestible waste from the
body through the rectum.
DEFECATION
Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines, often caused by infection,
resulting in symptoms like nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea.
GASTROENTERITIS
A medical procedure that uses a flexible
tube with a camera to visually examine the
digestive tract for diagnosis and treatment
ENDOSCOPY
A surgical procedure to remove the
gallbladder, commonly performed to treat
gallstones or gallbladder disease.
CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Beneficial bacteria that aid digestion and
support a healthy gut, often found in foods
like yogurt and supplements.
PROBIOTICS
Medications that neutralize stomach acid
to relieve symptoms of acid reflux or
indigestion.
ANTACIDS
Substances in foods, such as vitamins C and
E, that protect cells from damage caused by
free radicals
ANTIOXIDANTS
An indigestible carbohydrate found in
fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that
aids in digestion and helps regulate blood
sugar levels.
FIBER
A ring-like muscle that controls the
passage of food from one part of the
digestive system to another, such as the
lower esophageal sphincter between the
esophagus and stomach
SPHINCTER
A slippery substance produced by the
lining of the digestive tract, protecting the
stomach wall and aiding smooth passage of
food.
MUCUS
Tiny blood vessels within the villi of the
small intestine that absorb amino acids,
sugars, and other nutrients into the
bloodstream
CAPILLARIES
A pouch at the beginning of the large
intestine where the small intestine
connects, playing a role in absorbing fluids
and salts.
CECUM
The middle section of the small intestine,
where much of the absorption of digested
nutrients takes place
JEJENUM
The body’s ability to maintain a stable
internal environment, including balanced
levels of nutrients and energy.
HOMEOSTASIS
The process by which the liver neutralizes
and removes harmful toxins from the
blood.
DETOXIFICATION
The last part of the large intestine, where
waste is stored before being excreted
through the anus
RECTUM
The main portion of the large intestine
responsible for absorbing water and
electrolytes from waste material
COLON
A substance that stimulates bowel
movements, often used to treat
constipation by softening stools or
increasing movement in the intestines
LAXATIVE
A condition often caused by liver disease,
where a buildup of bilirubin results in
yellowing of the skin and eyes
JAUNDICE
A diagnostic procedure that uses a camera
to view the inside of the large intestine to
detect issues like polyps or inflammation.
COLONOSCOPY
Inflammation of small pouches that can
form in the wall of the large intestine,
leading to pain and digestive issues.
DIVERTICULITIS
Swollen blood vessels in the rectum or
anus, often caused by straining,
constipation, or sitting for extended
periods.
HEMORRHOIDS
A substance that stimulates bowel
movements, often used to treat
constipation by softening stools or
increasing movement in the intestines
LAXATIVES
