ANIMALS 2.3 Flashcards
Latin words are usually _____
DESCRIPTIVE
can give clues about the
characteristics of the organism, the
place where it was first identified, or
even the person who first identified
the organism
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Fasciola hepatica - invades the _____(hepa)
Dillenia philippinensis - _____
Naja philippinensis - _____
LIVER
PHILIPPINES DILLENIA
PHILIPPINE COBRA
what are three domains
BACTERIA/ ARCHAEA/EUKARYA
_____ & _____ proposed a
third domain of life that led to the
development of a new six-kingdom system
CARL WOESE/ RALPH S WOLFE
animals, fungi, plants, protists
EUKARYA
bacteria-like organisms living in
extreme environments
ARCHAEA
the _____ is the highest taxonomic group, before the kingdom group
DOMAIN
adopted to reflect the difference between
bacteria and archaea
SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM
_____ was divided into two distinct groups
MONERA
true bacteria and cyanobacteria
EUBACTERIA
bacteria-like organisms in extreme
environments
ARCHAEA
most diverse and widespread among
the prokaryotes
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
unicellular that group together as
visible clusters of individual bacterial
cells (colonies)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
they reproduce asexually
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
producers, consumers, and
decomposers
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
widely distributed in environments
where there is life
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
kingdom eubacteria they generate products like
_____, _____, and _____
NITROGEN/ VITAMIN/ ANTIBIOTIC
significant in the digestive tracks of
ruminants (mammals with unique
digestive tracks) to break down the
cellulose in the plants they eat
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
_____ have ability to
cause diseases
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
secrete proteins that attack
white blood cells
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
_____ help digestive system
break down sugars
_____ into lactic acid
GOOD BACTERIA/ LACTOSE
bacteria are the most _____
organisms based on mode of
nutrition
VERSTAILE
_____ are
photoautotrophs
some bacteria are
_____
CYANOBACTERIA/ CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
_____can take nitrogen from
the atmosphere to nurture green
plants
RHIZOBIUM
some bacteria decompose
sewage so that the waste can be
used again as _____.
FERTILIZER
kingdom archaea first discovered in ____when
scientists took samples from a hot
vent on the floor of the _____
1983/ pacific ocean
believed to be the oldest life-forms
on Earth
KINGDOM ARCHAEA
Archaea comes from the _____
word _____, which means
“ancient” or “primitive.”
GREEK/ ARCHAIOS
they have unique cellular
characteristics that allow them to
survive extreme environmental
conditions
KINGDOM ARCHAEA
Extreme halophiles =
SALT LOVING
thrive in salty environments like salt
lakes, salt evaporation ponds, and
brine solution
EXTREME HALOPHILES
extreme halophiles can withstand __to __percent
salinity in water or even higher
15 TO 30
anaerobic archaeans that release
methane as a waste product
METHANOGENS
they survive in swamps, hot springs,
sewage, and intestinal tracts of
humans and ruminants
METHANOGENS
nearly half of the known archaeans
are _____
METHANOGENS
they contribute greatly to global
warming due to generation of
methane in solid waste landfills
METHANOGENS
Extreme _____ (heat-loving)
THERMOPHILES
live in very hot temperatures, usually
around 100 degree Celsius
EXTREME THERMOPHILES
others thrive in acidic environments
with high concentrations of sulfur
others thrive in acidic environments
with high concentrations of sulfur
thermophilic
acidophilic
lives in coal deposits found
hundreds of feet below the
ground
THERMOPLASMA ACIDOPHILUM
most primitive and diverse among
unicellular eukaryotic organisms
KINGDOM PROTISTA
major groups within this kingdom
include algae, euglenoids, ciliates,
protozoans, and flagellates
KINGDOM PROTISTA
most protists are _____and are
_____
UNICELLULAR/ MULTICELLLAR
giant kelp (largest organism) is a
protist that can grow up to __
meters long
60
mostly found in _____,
freshwater habitats, _____, and
even in the body fluids of some
organisms
MARINE ECO SYSTEM/ DAMP SOIL
they have a wide array of
locomotory organs
KINGDOM PROTISTA
due to their immense diversity,
taxonomists sometimes categorized
them as
plantlike
animallike
fungus-like
KINGDOM PROTISTA
multicellular and are all autotrophic
KINGDOM PLANTAE
in kingdom plantae, cells are enclosed by _____ ___ _____
RIGID CELL WALLS
_____ are green pigments that
are involved in food production
CHLOROPHYLL
kingdom plantae believed to have been originated
from ancestors related to the group
of green algae called _____
CHAROPHYTES
kingdom plantae divided into __ general groups
_____
_____
NONVASCULAR/ VASCULAR
mostly low-growing
do not possess roots for
absorbing water from the ground
NONVASCULAR
bryophytes lack tracheid
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
are common examples
they reproduce sexually &
asexually
NONVASCULAR
they have true vascular tissues
(phloem & xylem
VASCULAR
conducts manufactured
food to other parts of the plant
body
PHLOEM
absorbs water & minerals
from soil
made up of tracheid and
vessel elements
XYLEM
_____ develop as plant
embryo within a seed
SEED PLANTS
_____ have protective wall
of the mature ovary or fruit
ANGIOSPERMS
monocots ( _ cotyledon)
dicots (_cotyledons)
1
2
organisms whose ancestors existed on
Earth more than 900 mya based on fossil
records
KINGDOM FUNGI
shares common characteristics with
Kingdom Animalia
KINGDOM FUNGI
members include mushrooms, yeasts,
molds, mildews, rusts, bracket fungi, etc.
KINGDOM FUNGI
most are saprophytic, parasitic,
predatory, and symbiotic
KINGDOM FUNGI
kingdom fungi cell walls contain _____, a polysaccharide
common to arthropods’ skeletons
CHITIN/ POLYSACHHARIDE
in kingdom fungi, animals store food in the form
of _____, where plants in the form of
_____
GLYCOGEN/ STARTCH
photosynthetic microorganisms like
_____and _____provide fungus
like lichens with organic compounds
during _____
ALGAE/ CYANOBACERIA/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS
fungus provide _____, _____, and
protection to the _____
symbiont
NUTRIETNS/ MOISTURE/ PHOTOSYNTHETIC
some fungi are used to produce _____
and _____
PENICILLIN/ ANTIBIOTIC
fungi such as _____ act as agents for
fermentation and brewing
YEASTS
_____are also used as model organisms
for studying problems in genetics and
molecular biology
FUNGI
can fungi cause plant and
animal diseases
YES
immune systems weakened by HIV may
lead to pneumonia that might be caused
by _____
PNEMOCYSTIS JIROVECII
multicellular organisms without cell walls
or chlorophyll
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
body parts organized into tissues with
specialized to some degree to perform
specific functions
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
kingdom animalia level of consumers are subdivided into _____/ _____/ _____
HERBIVORES/ CARNIVORES/ OMNIVORES
in kingdom animalia classified as either _____and
_____
VERTEBRATES/ INVERTEBRATES
biggest kingdom in the living world
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
estimated to have _million species
named and identified
estimated to have _ to _ million species
unknown
1/ 7/ 8
ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS
ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS
they need to infect living cells in order to reproduce
ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS
they cause harm or even kill their host cells
ACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS
made up of nucleic acids like DNA and
RNA
VIRUSES
viruses are enclosed within a protein coat (_____)
CAPSID
a virus found outside a cell is called _____/
an inert particle that cannot move,
grow, replicate on its own
VIRION
once they enter a living cell, they can
utilize the machinery of the cell to
reproduce and produce more viral
particles
VIRUSES
viruses sizes range from _to _____ nm
50 TO 300
appear as helical, icosahedral, and
complex in symmetry
VIRUSES
most human diseases are caused by
_____
polio (_____)
smallpox (_____)
hepatitis (_____)
dengue (_____)
HIV infection
VIRUSES
POLIO VIRUSES
VARIOLA VIRUS
HEPATITIS VIRUSES
DENGUE VIRUS
infectious RNA particles
VIRIODS
smaller than viruses
not enclosed by a protein coat, unlike
viruses
VIRIODS
can only reproduce inside a host cell
VIRIODS
can infect and damage only plant tissues
VIRIODS
they cause spindle tuber disease in
_____
POTATOES
stunted growth in _____
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
viriods have pale fruit disease in _____
CUCUMBERS
_____-_____ disease in coconut trees
this disease almost wiped out the
Philippine coconut industry in the _____
century
CADANG CADANG
20th
simplest form of acellular infectious
particles
PRIONS
prions was discovered in _____by _____ _____
1982/ STANLEY PRUSINER
main cause of several diseases in animals
_____ in cattle
_____ in sheep and goats
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
_____ in humans
MAD COW DISEASE
SCRAPIE DISEASES
KURU DISEASES
refers to the number and variety of life-
forms present in a biological community
SPECIES DIVERSITY
refers to the number and variety of life-
forms present in a biological community
_____ - number of
different kinds of species in a
particular area
SPECIES RICHNESS
_____- abundance
of individual members within a
particular species
SPECIES EVENNESS
high SR because of different
species of insects, birds,
mammals, and trees
low SE because of low number of
individual orangutans due to a
threat to their survival
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
low SR due to limited variety of
species such as scorpions,
chameleons, and rattlesnakes
high SE since there are a lot of
these individual species in the
area
DESERT
_____ is the sum total of the
way of life of a species, including its
survival, feeding, and reproductive
abilities
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
can live in a variety of environments
eat many different kinds of food
can tolerate a wide range of
environmental conditions
can produce many offspring
cockroaches, rats, humans
GENERALITIES SPECIES
live in a narrow niche
live in one habitat
eat a specific food
sensitive to environmental changes
usually produce few offspring
pandas, flamingoes, rhinoceroses
SPECIALISTS SPECIES
organisms that have naturally
occurred in a particular area
throughout history without being
introduced to humans
endemic and indigenous
NATIVE SPECIES
endemic species can only be found in
one place and nowhere else
tamaraw, tarsier, Philippine
bamboo bat
indigenous species have a wider
range and may naturally occur in
several regions at the same time
NATIVE SPECIES
species that either migrate
accidentally
they may be introduced as pets,
food, ornaments, or carried in
cargoes
some can become naturalized
some can be threats to their new
environment
NON-NATIVE SPECIES
_____
introduced in the Philippines as an
additional source of income for
farmers
has become one of the perennial
pests in rice paddies
GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL
_____
introduced to the Philippines from
_____
they compete with native fish for
food, causing the decline of
native species
TILAPIA/ AFRICA
species that act as biological smoke
alarms because they give out warning
signals to other species about
damage to an ecosystem
birds and frogs
INDICATOR SPECIES
exist only in limited numbers
they perform roles such as
controlling the population of other
species by eating sick and old
members
sharks and alligators
KEYSTON SPECIES
organisms that help create and
reshape habitats and ecosystems
beavers
FOUNDATION SPECIES
most biodiverse area on Earth
it is also where biodiversity is most at
risk
approximately 80% of endangered
species are found here
ASIA PACIFIC REGION
countries here have lost 70 - 90
percent of their original wildlife
habitat
plant species are dying before test
for potential cures for deadly
diseases
ASIA PACIFIC REGION
The science of naming, describing, and
classifying organisms into groups based on
shared characteristics.
TAXONOMY
The arrangement of organisms into orderly
groups based on their similarities and
relationships.
CLASSIFICATION
The arrangement of taxonomic ranks in
order, from broadest to most specific
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order →
Family → Genus → Species
HIERARCHY
A method of classification based on the
evolutionary relationships and common
ancestry of organisms
CLADISTICS
A group or category in the taxonomic
hierarchy, such as species, genus, or
family.
TAXON
A system of naming organisms
following specific rules and
conventions.
NOMENCLATURE
The study of biological diversity and the
relationships among organisms,
encompassing taxonomy and
phylogeny.
SYSTEMATICS
The variety of life forms within a given
ecosystem, biome, or the entire Earth.
BIODIVERSITY
A domain of single-celled
microorganisms distinct from bacteria,
often found in extreme environments.
ARCHAEBACTERIA
An ancestral trait shared by two
or more taxa.
SYMPLESIOMORPHY
The process through which new species
arise.
SPECIATION
An organism resulting from the
crossbreeding of two different species or
taxa.
HYBRID
The branch of science that studies the
geographic distribution of animal species.
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
The plants of a particular region, habitat, or
geological period.
FLORA
The animals of a particular region, habitat,
or geological period.
FAUNA
An evolution process by which unrelated
organisms evolve similar traits due to
similar environmental pressures.
CONVERGENT
An evolution process by which two or more
related species become more dissimilar over
time.
DIVERGENT
The observable characteristics or traits of an
organism, such as morphology, behavior,
and physiology.
PHENOTYPE
The genetic constitution of an organism that
determines its characteristics.
GENOTYPE
Refers to a clade that includes all
descendants of a common ancestor.
HOLOPHYLETIC
A population of a species that is adapted to a
specific ecological environment.
ECOTYPE
A group of organisms used as a reference
point in cladistic analysis to determine
evolutionary relationships.
OUTGROUP
The group of organisms being studied in a
phylogenetic analysis.
INGROUP
The condition where two or more scientific
names refer to the same taxon.
SYNONYM
The study of evolutionary relationships
using genomic data.
PHYLOGENOMIC
The evolutionary change within a single
lineage over time.
ANAGENESIS
The evolutionary splitting of a lineage into
two or more distinct lineages.
CLADOGENESIS
A unique derived trait specific to a single
taxon
AUTAPOMORPHY
A branching diagram showing similarity in
observable traits among organisms,
regardless of evolutionary relationships.
PHENOGRAM
The mutual adaptation of two or more
species or traits that interact closely.
COADAPTATION
A trait that has evolved independently in
different species due to similar environmental
pressures, not shared ancestry.
HOMOPLASY
Diseases that can be transmitted from
animals to humans, highlighting
interspecies relationships.
ZOONOSIS
The study of the distribution of species and
ecosystems in geographic space and through
geological time.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
The classification of organisms into broad
taxonomic categories like kingdoms or
phyla.
MACROTAXONOMY
The classification of organisms at finer levels,
such as species and subspecies.
MICROTAXONOMY
The practice of a scientist revising or
redefining the taxonomy of a group of
organisms, often those they initially studied
AUTOTAXONOMY
The loss of one species leading to the
extinction of another, often due to close
ecological interactions.
COEXTINCTION
A relationship where one organism lives
inside another, leading to evolutionary
developments.
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
A scientific name in which the genus and
species names are identical (e.g., Bison bison).
TAUTONYM
A species with a global distribution across
many geographic areas.
COSMOPOLITAN
