EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS Flashcards
It refers to slow type of fault movement.
CREEP
The branch of science concerned with earthquakes and related phenomena.
SEISMOLOGY
It refers to the block that sits on the fault plane.
HANGING WALL
It refers to the fault plane that is exposed above the ground.
FAULT SCARP
Polished and striated surfaces on fault planes caused by the movement of rocks against each other.
SLICKENLINES
A region where the Earth’s lithosphere is being stretched, leading to the formation of normal faults and often the development of rift valleys.
RIFT ZONE
The process by which one tectonic plate is pushed over another during a collision, leading to the formation f large thrust faults and the emplacement of ophiolite complexes onto continental crust
OBDUCTION
A specific type of strike-slip fault that occurs at the boundary between two tectonic plates.
TRANSFORM FAULT
A zone between two segments of a strike-slip fault where the fault traces do not directly align, creating an offset in the fault system.
STEPOVER
The study of how materials deform under applied forces, often used to describe the behavior of rocks during faulting.
RHEOLOGY
The point in the rock’s zone of weakness, where the breaking of the rocks first starts, and seismic energy is released.
HYPOCENTER
The waves/impacts made by a stone in its entry point on the surface of water.
RIPPLES
A mass of snow, rock, ice, and soil that tumbles down a mountain, usually because of earthquake.
AVALANCHE
The term for the process of breaking larger rocks into smaller pieces due to stress from an earthquake.
FRAGMENTATION
The height of the wave of the seismogram.
AMPLITUDE
It describes how the random lines generated by the seismogram looks like.
WIGGLY
One of the pioneers of Moment Magnitude Scale, a scale that is more accurate on a large-scale earthquake.
HIROO KANAMORI
Smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger main earthquake.
FORESHOCKS
The frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a particular region over a specific time period.
SEISMICITY
An area where one tectonic plate is being pushed beneath another into the Earth’s mantle, often associated with powerful megathrust earthquakes.
SUBDUCTION ZONE
A vibration or disturbance that travels from one point to another and carries energy.
WAVE PROPAGATION
They rise and fall perpendicular to the direction traveled by the waves.
TRANSVERSE WAVES
They compress and expand like a spring in the direction of wave’s pathway.
LONGTITUDAL WAVES
The bending of waves as they pass through materials with varying densities, particularly in the Earth’s interior.
SEISMIC REFRACTION
The graphical representation of the motion of the ground as recorded by seismometers during an earthquake.
SEISMIC WAVEFORM
The process where saturated soil temporarily loses its strength during an earthquake.
LIQUEFACTION
Deformation of rocks due to stress, leading to earthquakes.
STRAIN
The breaking of the Earth’s surface along a fault during an earthquake.
SURFACE RUPTURE
The rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite.
LITHOSPHERE
The deepness within the Earth where an earthquake’s energy is released, measured from the Earth’s surface to the earthquake’s origin.
FOCAL DEPTH
