Quick Facts 6 Flashcards
Describe the effect of tiagabine on GABAnergic transmission? [1]
selective GABA reuptake inhibitor.
Parkinsons disease pathophysiology:
Name A [1]
Which protein is is A enriched with? [1]
Lewys body: enriched with protein α-synuclein
Which of the following is implicated in SCH?
A
B
C
D
E
A dorsolateral prefontal
A 57-year-old male comes to the office for a routine visit. His symptoms are a shuffling gait, pill-rolling tremor, and a masked face. What is the underlying pathology of the disease?
A. Loss of alpha-synuclein, leading to a destruction of the caudate of the basal ganglia
B. Lesions in bilateral aspects of the internal capsule
C. Destruction of the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum
D. Apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars reticulata
A 57-year-old male comes to the office for a routine visit. His symptoms are a shuffling gait, pill-rolling tremor, and a masked face. What is the underlying pathology of the disease?
A. Loss of alpha-synuclein, leading to a destruction of the caudate of the basal ganglia
B. Lesions in bilateral aspects of the internal capsule
C. Destruction of the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum
D. Apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars reticulata
A 43-year old cerebral vascular accident patient was diagnosed as having persistent unilateral spatial agnosia or “visual neglect”. What cerebral region was most likely involved?
A. Non-dominant parietal-occipital cortex
B. Dominant parietal-occipital cortex
C. Dorsal prefrontal cortex
D. Dominant temporal-occipital cortex
E. Non-dominant temporal-occipital cortex
A 43-year old cerebral vascular accident patient was diagnosed as having persistent unilateral spatial agnosia or “visual neglect”. What cerebral region was most likely involved?
A. Non-dominant parietal-occipital cortex
B. Dominant parietal-occipital cortex
C. Dorsal prefrontal cortex
D. Dominant temporal-occipital cortex
E. Non-dominant temporal-occipital cortex
What is Xanthochromia? [1]
Xanthochromia is the presence of bilirubin in the cerebrospinal fluid and is sometimes the only sign of an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Neuroleptic side effects of schizophrenic drugs arise from blockade of dopamine receptors in which striatum [1]
Exam Q
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Frontal eye field
Parahippocampus
Insula
Supplementary motor cortex
Cingulate cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Describe the location of locus ceruleus compared to raphe nucleus [1]
LC on top of RN
A: Dentate gyrus
B: Parahippocampal gyrus
C: Uncus of parahippocampal gyrus
A 24-year-old patient presents to the hospital complaining of sharp pain on the left side of her forehead. Which of the following artery supplies the part of the brain necessary for the sensory processing of this pain?
A. Right posterior inferior cerebellar artery
B. Left posterior cerebral artery
C. Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery
D. Anterior communicating artery
C. Left posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The left posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies the spinal trigeminal nucleus on the left lateral medulla.
Anosmia is caused by a stroke to which of the following:
ACA
MCA
PCA
Anterior Choroidal
Lenitculate striate
Anosmia is caused by a stroke to which of the following:
ACA: olfactory bulb
MCA
PCA
Anterior Choroidal
Lenitculate striate
Ballismus occurs due to lesions to which region?
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
Pre supplementary motor area
Lentiform nucleus
Dorsal striatum
Subthalamic nuclei
Label 5, 7, 10, 11, 12 & 13
Label 5, 7, 10, 11, 12 & 13
Amantadine helps patients recover from TBI. What is its mechanism of action?
GABA-A antagonist
GABA-A agonist
NMDA Glutamate antagonist
NMDA Glutamate agonist
AMPA Glutamate antagonist
Amantadine helps patients recover from TBI. What is its mechanism of action?
GABA-A antagonist
GABA-A agonist
NMDA Glutamate antagonist
NMDA Glutamate agonist
AMPA Glutamate antagonist
TCAs cause weight gain due a blockage of [] receptors
TCAs cause weight gain due a blockage of histamines 1 receptors
Where is the lesion?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Where is the lesion?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Where is the lesion?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Where is the lesion?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Identify the aperture.
Obex
Median aperture
Lateral aperture
Cerebral aqueduct
Interventricular foramen
Identify the aperture.
Obex
Median aperture
Lateral aperture
Cerebral aqueduct
Interventricular foramen
Identify the aperture.
Obex
Median aperture
Lateral aperture
Cerebral aqueduct
Interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Lorraine describes her father’s recent behavioural changes in more detail: he seems uninterested in doing things, is missing bills, and does not seem to enjoy playing with his great grandchildren as he usually did.
Wich part of the brain is most likely affected?
Cingulate cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Mamillary bodies
Lorraine describes her father’s recent behavioural changes in more detail: he seems uninterested in doing things, is missing bills, and does not seem to enjoy playing with his great grandchildren as he usually did.
Wich part of the brain is most likely affected?
Cingulate cortex
Many types of behavioural changes are common in Alzheimer’s Disease, but this picture suggests apathy, characterised by poor motivation and altered affect (this also commonly coexists with depression). This suggests involvement of the cingulate cortex (probably anterior cingulate cortex) as well as the prefrontal and orbital frontal cortex.
Which part of the limbic system is the nuclei involved in reward circuits? [1]
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Septal nuclei
Uncus
Which part of the limbic system is the nuclei involved in reward circuits? [1]
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Septal nuclei
Uncus
Name a function of the basal ganglia other than to play a role in movement initiation; stopping and starting movements? [1]
- Regulate movement force
Axons of which pathway are found in the SCP?
Spinocerebellar
Olivocerebellar
Trigeminocerebellar
Pontocerebellar
Dentothalamic
Dentothalamic
a tract which originates in the dentate nucleus and follows the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle, decussating later on and reaching the contralateral red nucleus and the contralateral thalamus
The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus
The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
The sprouting of which fibres in the dorsal horn can modulate chronic pain
Aalpha
Abeta
Adelta
C
The sprouting of which fibres in the dorsal horn can modulate chronic pain
Aalpha
Abeta
Adelta
C
The cingulum connects which two parts of the limbic system? [1]
Anterior cingulate gyrus and parahippcampal gyrus
Which of the following serve to transmit information primarily relating to proprioception (muscle sense)
Aα
Aγ
Aδ
Aβ
C
Which of the following serve to transmit information primarily relating to proprioception (muscle sense)
Aα
Aγ
Aδ
Aβ
C
selegiline utilise utilise which of the following mechanisms?
Dopamine agonist
COMT inhibitor
Decarboxylase inhibitor
MAO inhibitor
selegiline utilise utilise which of the following mechanisms?
Dopamine agonist
COMT inhibitor
Decarboxylase inhibitor
MAO inhibitor
Hofbeaur cells are associated with which type of IUGR? [1]
Lymphocytic infiltration is associated with which type of IUGR?
HB: Type 2
Lymphocytes: Type 1
Which sensory receptor is most sensitive to angular acceleration?
A. Crista
B. Utricle
C. Saccule
D. Organ of Corti
Which sensory receptor is most sensitive to angular acceleration?
A. Crista
B. Utricle
C. Saccule
D. Organ of Corti
Which of the following is the most common cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
arteriovenous malformation
berry aneurysm
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
dural arteriovenous fistula
trauma
Which of the following is the most common cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
arteriovenous malformation
berry aneurysm
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
dural arteriovenous fistula
trauma
Zolpidem is a drug that causes patients to temporarily leave vegetative state. What is its MoA?
GABA-A antagonist
GABA-A agonist
NMDA Glutamate antagonist
NMDA Glutamate agonist
AMPA Glutamate antagonist
Zolpidem is a drug that causes patients to temporarily leave vegetative state. What is its MoA?
GABA-A antagonist
GABA-A agonist
NMDA Glutamate antagonist
NMDA Glutamate agonist
AMPA Glutamate antagonist
The corticobulbar tracts provide innervation to the musculature of which region of the body?
Head and neck
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Neck
The corticobulbar tracts provide innervation to the musculature of which region of the body?
Head and neck
A
A 56-year-old right-handed man is brought to the emergency department 90 minutes after acute-onset right arm weakness, difficulty forming words, and sustained dizziness. His past medical history is significant for well-controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension. A CT head without contrast demonstrates no acute hemorrhage or lesion, but shows an area of hypodensity and associated mild parenchymal swelling deep within the left peri-Sylvian fissure. Which of the following vessels is most likely implicated in the etiology of this patient’s current condition?
A. M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery
B. A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery
C. A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery
D. M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery
A
A 56-year-old right-handed man is brought to the emergency department 90 minutes after acute-onset right arm weakness, difficulty forming words, and sustained dizziness. His past medical history is significant for well-controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension. A CT head without contrast demonstrates no acute hemorrhage or lesion, but shows an area of hypodensity and associated mild parenchymal swelling deep within the left peri-Sylvian fissure. Which of the following vessels is most likely implicated in the etiology of this patient’s current condition?
A. M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery
B. A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery
C. A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery
D. M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery insula is supplied by the M2 MCA
Uncal
Central (transtentorial)
Cingulate (Subfalcine)
Transcalvarial
Upward cerebellar (transtentorial)
Downward cerebellar (Tonsillar)
Uncal
Central (transtentorial)
Cingulate (Subfalcine)
Transcalvarial
Upward cerebellar (transtentorial)
Downward cerebellar (Tonsillar)
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is key in modulation of pain and empathy
Anterior cingulate cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Insula
Amygdala
Which of the following is key in modulation of pain and empathy
Anterior cingulate cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Insula
Amygdala
Which viral infection is associted with MS?
Epstein-Barr Virus
Toxoplasmosis gondii
Cytomegalovirus
Human papilloma virus
Which viral infection is associted with MS?
Epstein-Barr Virus
Toxoplasmosis gondii
Cytomegalovirus
Human papilloma virus
What are the values for normal intracranial pressure? [1]
normal is 7-15mmHg
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
episodic memory
semantic memor
procedural memory (skills and habits)
classical conditioning
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
episodic memory
semantic memor
procedural memory (skills and habits)
classical conditioning
Locked in syndrome is due to damage to which artery? [1]
Basilar artery
Which drug class has the highest risk for mania if used to treat depression in bipolar patients?
TCAs
SNRIs
MAOIs
SSRIs
Q
Which drug class has the highest risk for mania if used to treat depression in bipolar patients?
TCAs
SNRIs
MAOIs
SSRIs