Quick Facts 2 Flashcards
Deposition of which of the following material in an atheroma decreases the compliance of the tissue and makes local formation of a thrombus more likely?
A. Calcium
B. Cholesterol
C. Collagen
D. Fibrin
E. Free fatty acids
calcium
What cell type are mature neutrophils derived from?
A. Lymphoblasts
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Monoblasts
E. Myeloblasts
Myeloblasts
What cell type are mature mast cells derived from?
A. Lymphoblasts
B. Macrophages
C. Myeloid progenitor cell
D. Monoblasts
E. Myeloblasts
Myeloid progenitor cells
What cell type are mature monocytes derived from?
G. Lymphoblasts
H. Macrophages
I. Monoblast
J. Megakaryocyte
K. Myeloblasts
Monoblast
What should the range of the QRS duration be in a normal ECG?
A. 20 ms
B. 20-30 ms
C. 30-60 ms
D. 60-100 ms
E. 100-150 ms
60-100ms
What is the main lipid component of an atheroma?
A. Cholesterol
B. Free fatty acid
C. High density lipoprotein
D. Low density lipoprotein
E. Unsaturated fatty acids
LDL
Symptoms of this condition include orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. It is associated with an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level.
A. aortic stenosis
B. congestive heart failure
C. left ventricular failure
D. mitral stenosis
E. right ventricular failure
Left ventricular failure
5 Which of these drugs block the muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs?
A. Aminophylline
B. Atenolol
C. Beclomethasone
D. Ipratropium
E. Nifedipine
Ipatropium
9 As a consequence of chronic insufficient alveolar ventilation, which cardiac condition presents as breathlessness together with a raised jugular venous pressure and peripheral oedema?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Endocarditis
C. Left ventricular failure
D. Mitral stenosis
E. Right ventricular failure
right ventricular failure
11 A 19 year old woman was seen by her general practitioner with general malaise and a sore throat. On examination she had a temperature of 39oC, an inflamed throat and generalised lymphadenopathy. Her blood count was normal apart from a lymphocytosis. Many of the lymphocytes appeared reactive. What is the diagnosis?
A. Bacterial pneumonia
B. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
C. Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
D. Pertussis
E. Viral pneumonia
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
12 At what stage in erythrocyte development does haemoglobin mainly accumulate in the cell?
A. Early erythroblast
B. Haemocytoblast
C. Late erythroblast/normoblast
D. Proerythroblast
E. Reticulocyte
Late erythoblast / normoblast
In the developing erythrocyte, where is the predominant site of haem production?
A Endoplasmic reticulum
B Golgi apparatus
C Mitochondria
D Nucleus
E Cell membrane
Mitochondria
The gene EPO, which encodes the protein erythropoietin, is found on which chromosome?
A 1
B 22
C 7
D 16
E 11
7
Which of the following is considered a polymorphonuclear leucocyte?
A T lymphocyte
B B lymphocyte
C Natural killer cell
D Neutrophil
E Monocyte
Neutrophils:
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMLs) are considered types of white blood cells that contain granules. Granules are secretory vesicles contained within some leucocytes that are released in response to different stimuli including infections and allergic reactions. Consequently, PMLs may also be referred to as granulocytes.
Approximately, what proportion of blood is composed of haematocrit?
A 15%
B 25%
C 45%
D 65%
E 85%
45
Which of the following cell types develops from the lymphoid cell line?
A Natural killer (NK) cells
B Monocytes
C Basophils
D Neutrophils
E Erythrocytes
NK cells
Which of the following is considered the normal percentage of reticulocytes on the full blood count?
A 1-2%
B 5-6%
C 8-10%
D 12-15%
E <0.5%
1-2%
Label A-G
2 List three classes of drug which can be used for rate control in atrial fibrillation. (3 marks)
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, amiodarone, cardiac glycosides
Which dermatomes does angina commonly spread to? [3]
left C3, 4 or 5 dermatomes (1 mark).
List two ECG changes that are commonly be seen during episodes of angina. (2 marks)
Transient ST-segment elevations
Dynamic T-wave changes:
ST depressions
(any two )
6 Explain why the immune system has a particular problem when dealing with tuberculosis infection. (3 marks)
Macrophages ingest the bacteria (1 mark) but find it difficult to destroy them as they have a thick waxy cell wall (1 mark) rich in mycolic acid (1 mark) which resists breakdown in lysosomes (1 mark) ( any marks up to 3)
What aspect of cell wall makes M. tuberculosis difficult t break down by lymphocytes? [1]
Mycolic acid
9 Where in the body are structures that a) measure blood volume b) measure blood osmolarity. [2 marks]
a) atria (1 mark)
b) hypothalamus (1 mark)
10 List FOUR stages in haemostasis involving platelets that do not involve
the coagulation cascade. [Total 4 marks]
1) Platelets adhere to collagen (1/2 mark) in vessel wall exposed by damage (1/2 mark)
2) von Willebrand factor binds to exposed collagen and platelets, increasing platelet adherence (1 mark)
3) Adherent platelets secrete ADP, thromboxane A2 calcium ion and serotonin (1/2 mark each up to 1 mark) (1/2 mark for “platelets secrete factors which promote plug formation”)
4) Platelets change shape (1/2 mark) due to the release of calcium to form extensions which lock the platelets together and form a platelet plug (1/2 mark)
11 Explain how a blood clot in a damaged blood vessel is removed when the vessel is healed. [2 marks]
- Plasminogen is a plasma protein which is converted to the active form plasmin (1/2 mark) by tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) (1/2 mark).
- Plasmin breaks down fibrin in clots (1/2 mark) and they then break up.
- TPA is released from intact endothelium but is suppressed by injured tissue (½ mark).
- When the wound has healed TPA is released to activate plasmin (1/2 mark).
Which of the following is not associated with an irregularly irregular pulse?
A Atrial fibrillation
B Atrial flutter with variable block
C Ventricular ectopics
D Atrial ectopics
E Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
WPW syndrome
The results of this test demonstrate intermittent episodes of atrial fibrillation.
What the most appropriate management option for this patient?
A Warfarin and metoprolol
B Dabigatran monotherapy
C Amiodarone
D Digoxin
E Flecainide
Flecainide: Flecainide is a class 1c anti-arrhythmic agent. This type of regime is typically described as “pill-in-the-pocket”. When patients start to experience symptoms they are meant to take the medication, which should cease the abnormal rhythm. Flecainide is generally reserved for patients without underlying structural heart disease, who have infrequent episodes that last < 24 hours.
Which testicular cancers are filled with lymphocytes? [1]
seminoma
What is this? [1]
Explain?
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia:
Auer rodsare red staining, needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts, and/or progranulocytes in certain leukemias.Auer rods(see arrow in image) are cytoplasmic inclusions which result from an abnormal fusion of the primary (azurophilic) granules.
Define pancytopenia [1]
Pancytopeniais a condition that occurs when a person has low counts for all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
State two things that would suggest have AML from a blood smear? [2]
pancytopenia
Auer rodsare red staining, needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts, and/or progranulocytes in certain leukemias.Auer rods(see arrow in image) are cytoplasmic inclusions which result from an abnormal fusion of the primary (azurophilic) granules.
What pathology would be indicated from this blood film? [1]
Acute myeloid leukaemia auer rods
How would determine a patient has acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? [1]
In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), too many immature lymphocytes are present in the bone marrow and the blood. Normally, these cells are relatively rare, but in ALL, they continuously multiply and are overproduced by the bone marrow, causing fatigue, anemia, fever, and bone pain due to the spread of these cells into the bone and joint surfaces
How would Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia present on a blood film? [1]
PBS: high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio, nuclei of different cells look granular
How would Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia present on a blood film? [1]
PBS: high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio, nuclei of different cells look granular
Name a cause of pencil cells in a blood film [1]
IDA
What is the arrow pointing to? [1]
Reticulocyte
Teardrop cell is a sign of what type of anaemia? [1]
Macrocytic
On a granuloma, describe the location of lymphocytes compared to macrophages [1]
Macrophage inside; lymphocytes outside