BBEOYS5 Flashcards
Label A-C
A: thalamus
B: sensory cortex
C: amygdala
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
The process of fear learning
The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala
High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala
Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]
- Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
- This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.
- The hippocampus is essential for the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories
- Doesn’t store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored in long-term memory.
State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]
Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge
Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]
Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]
Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]
Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures
Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit
Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode
Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus
Orbitofrontal cortex
What is the role of the insula? [1]
Emotional aspect of risk taking
The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus
The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit
- Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus
- Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus
- Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus
- Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex
State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]
The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the initiation and termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways
For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.
Define emotional conditioning
A form of classical conditioning in which a subject associates a perceptual information
(e.g. see, hear) to an emotional response (e.g. happiness, anxiety, sadness, pain).
Explain the three stages of systematic desenitisation
Stage 1 (Relaxation): Patient taught deep muscle relaxation/meditation.
Stage 2 (fear hierarchy): Patient create a ranked list of fear hierarchy (i.e. least fear to the most fear).
Stage 3 (Exposure): Over a period of time, patient are exposed to the fear with the least fear first. Relaxation/meditation are used to overcome the fear. Once surpassed fear, patient moves to the next fear level. If patient is too upset, then return back to the earlier step.
Describe target economy
Targeted behaviours using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward
(primary reinforcer).
Describe contingency management [2]
Utilizes a formal written contract between patient and therapist.
Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards that will be given, and penalties for failing.
In an experiment to condition a dog to salivate, pre-conditioning what term is used to describe the bell ringing? [1]
Neutral stimulus
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
which foramen is this?
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Label 26 [1]
foramen ovale
Label 27 & 28 [2]
foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum
Label 29 [1]
carotid canal
which foramen is this?
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Foreman rotundum
Foramen lacerum
Label the fontanelles [2]
What do each of them turn into later in life? [2]
1: Sphenoid fontanelle. Becomes the pterion
2: Mastoid fontanelle. Becomes the asteroin
Label 1 & 2 [2]
1: metopic suture
2: Anterior fontanelle
Label this structure [1]
Bregma
Why might lumbar puncture be more challenging in a young child? [1]
Why might lumbar puncture be more challenging in a young child? [1]
Acceptable responses: spinal cord lower, the spinal cord ends lower down, the spinal cord travels further down the vertebral column
spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum
spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum
Which part of the brainstem is this?
Midbrain
Medulla (Open / Superior)
Medulla (Closed / Inferior)
Pons
Which part of the brainstem is this?
Midbrain This can be identified by the large cerebral peduncles anteriorly
Medulla (Open / Superior)
Medulla (Closed / Inferior)
Pons
Which part of the brainstem is this?
Midbrain
Medulla (Open / Superior)
Medulla (Closed / Inferior)
Pons
Which part of the brainstem is this?
Midbrain
Medulla (Open / Superior)
Medulla (Closed / Inferior)
Pons
The optic disc is where which two structures join together? [2]
The optic disc is where the optic nerve joins the retina
Label A-C
A: Fovea
B: Macula
C: Optic disc
Optic radiation
The paired optic tracts sweep posteriorly and send most axons to synapse in the [], in the [] nucleus.
The paired optic tracts sweep posteriorly and send most axons to synapse in the thalamus, in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Nerve fibres in the optic tracts send branches to which locations? [4]
primary visual cortex
midbrain
superior colliculus (visual reflex centre controlling the extrinsic eye muscles)
pretectal nuclei in the midbrain (mediate papillary light reflexes)
State the optic pathway lesions that would be seen in each place
State the movements the following muscles do:
Superior oblique: [3]
Inferior oblique: [3]
Superior oblique: Depression, abduction and intorsion
Inferior oblique: Elevation, abduction and extorsion
State the movement the following muslces do:
Superior rectus: [3]
Inferior rectus: [3]
Superior rectus: elevation, adduction and intorsion
Inferior rectus: depression, adduction and extorsion
This is MRI of some of the limbic system
Label each coloured arrow to the following:
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
collateral sulcus
tentorium cerebelli
green arrows: parahippocampal gyrus
red arrows: tentorium cerebelli
yellow arrows: collateral sulcus
blue arrows: hippocampus
Which of the following is not a class of drug used to treat anxiety?
SSRIs
5-HT1A agonists
β-adrenoceptor antagonist
SNRIs
5-HT2A agonists
Which of the following is not a class of drug used to treat anxiety?
SSRIs
5-HT1A agonists
β-adrenoceptor antagonist
SNRIs
5-HT2A agonists
In the reward circuit of the brain that is linked to addiction, which neurotransmitter is responsible for activation from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens?
Seratonin
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Glutamate
In the reward circuit of the brain that is linked to addiction, which neurotransmitter is responsible for activation from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens?
Seratonin
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Glutamate
A is most likely a representation of:
Persistant vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Locked-in syndrome
Brainstem death
A is most likely a representation of:
Persistant vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Locked-in syndrome
Brainstem death
Which of the following is the periosteum
A
B
C
D
E
E
Where is the danger triangle of the face? [1]
Explain why this region is called the danger triangle [2]
The angular and ethmoidal veins drain this region of the face into the opthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous sinus.
This provides a potential route of infection from the nasal area to the brain, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis or brain abscess.
SAH can lead to which pathology? [1]
Frank blood in the subarachnoid space is irritating and can cause (aseptic) meningitis.
Which of the following is principally caused by movement of the brain, not impact
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Sub dural
When the head is accelerated, the inertia of the brain causes its movement to lag behind that of the skull. This leads to traction on bridging veins running between brain and dura mater, which get torn.
Which of the following commonly causes damage to axons in the underlying brain
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Sub dural
Blood from the ruptured vessels spreads freely through the subdural space and can envelop the entire hemisphere. Because of the forces involved in producing a subdural haemorrhage, there is very often damage to axons in the underlying brain as well
Which of the following commonly accumlates over a period of hours
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Which of the following commonly accumlates over a period of hours
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Because there is so little reserve volume inside the skull, haematomas of >[] ml are usually fata
>75ml
What type of clinical imaging has been used in this case?
X-ray
CT
MRI T1
MRI T2
Ultrasound
CT
Cerebral aquaduct
What symptoms might the patient experience? [2]
The haemorrhage is in the region of the right middle cerebral artery
Left-sided upper limb paraesthesia and left-sided upper limb weakness.
Aphasia is less likely in this case, as Broca’s area (responsible for expressive speech) is most commonly found on the left hemisphere, along with Wernicke’s area (responsible for receptive speech).
Skull fractures
Infection is a possible consequence of
compound skull fracture
linear closed fractures
depressed fracture
diastatic skull fracture
Infection is a possible consequence of
compound skull fracture
in which the scalp is torn
An uncul herniation commonly compresses which cranial nerve? [1]
Oculomotor nerve
In tonsillar herniation/coning the tonsils of the cerebellum are forced through the foramen magnum. What structure can this compress? [1]
Acceptable responses: medulla, medulla oblongata
Which is the most severe type of herniation? [1]
Explain your answer [1]
Tonsillar herniation
Compresses the medulla oblongata: contains the respiratory and cardiac centers & can result in death
