BBEOYS5 Flashcards
Label A-C
A: thalamus
B: sensory cortex
C: amygdala
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the unconscious route that mediates the fear reaction
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
A.ear → amygdala → cortex → hippocampus → emotional response
B.ear → orbitofrontal cortex → thalamus → emotional response
C.ear → thalamus → amygdala → emotional response
D.ear → thalamus → cortex → emotional response
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Following a sudden sound, which of the following pathways, A to E, provides the conscious route that mediates the fear reaction and also allows appraisal of the stimulus that caused the fear?
E.ear → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → emotional response.
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
The process of fear learning
The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala
High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala
Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]
- Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
- This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.
- The hippocampus is essential for the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories
- Doesn’t store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored in long-term memory.
State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]
Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge
Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]
Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]
Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]
Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures
Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit
Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode
Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus
Orbitofrontal cortex
What is the role of the insula? [1]
Emotional aspect of risk taking
The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus
The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit
- Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus
- Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus
- Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus
- Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex
State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]
The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the initiation and termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways
For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.
Define emotional conditioning
A form of classical conditioning in which a subject associates a perceptual information
(e.g. see, hear) to an emotional response (e.g. happiness, anxiety, sadness, pain).
Explain the three stages of systematic desenitisation
Stage 1 (Relaxation): Patient taught deep muscle relaxation/meditation.
Stage 2 (fear hierarchy): Patient create a ranked list of fear hierarchy (i.e. least fear to the most fear).
Stage 3 (Exposure): Over a period of time, patient are exposed to the fear with the least fear first. Relaxation/meditation are used to overcome the fear. Once surpassed fear, patient moves to the next fear level. If patient is too upset, then return back to the earlier step.
Describe target economy
Targeted behaviours using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward
(primary reinforcer).
Describe contingency management [2]
Utilizes a formal written contract between patient and therapist.
Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards that will be given, and penalties for failing.
In an experiment to condition a dog to salivate, pre-conditioning what term is used to describe the bell ringing? [1]
Neutral stimulus
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
Which of the following is the site of most photodensity?
Fovea
Retina
Lens
Macula
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
1 is the
Anterior fonatelle
Sphenoid fonatelle
Metopic fonatelle
Mastoid fonatelle
which foramen is this?
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Label 26 [1]
foramen ovale