CR EOYS3 Flashcards
Explain changes in cell types due to smoking xx [3]
- loss pseudostratified epitheluim, with transition into a fully squamous epithelium and expression of early markers of carcinogenesis.
- change to squamous = metaplastic change (reversible)
- change to squamous that is irreversible = dysplastic
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with left ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with left ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Left ventricular hypertrophy results in a thickening of the cardiac muscle. The increase in mass increases the magnitude of the depolarisation wave on the left side of the heart. This causes the left axis deviation.
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with normal heart?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with normal heart?
A : normal heart axis = -30 to 90 degrees
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with right ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D
Based on the quadrant diagram shown, which region would you expect the mean electrical axis to deviate towards in a patient with right ventricular hypertrophy?
A
B
C
D = 90 to 180 degrees
Absent Q waves in V5-6 is most commonly due to:
LBBB
Mobitz type 1 AV block
RBBB
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
Mobitz type 2 AV block
Absent Q waves in V5-6 is most commonly due to:
LBBB
Mobitz type 1 AV block
RBBB
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)
Mobitz type 2 AV block
What is the axis deviation of a healthy heart? [1]
Right axis deviation ranges between which degrees? [1]
Left axis deviation ranges between which degrees? [1]
Normal: -30° and +90º
Right axis deviation: +90º and +180º
Left axis deviation: -30° and -90°.
Which lead would you expect to see the biggest negative deflection in a healthy heart?
avL
avF
avR
Lead I
Lead II
Which lead would you expect to see the biggest negative deflection in a healthy heart?
avL
avF
avR
Lead I
Lead II
This is due to aVR looking at the heart in the opposite direction.
State the most common cause of a heart axis deviation between +90º and +180º [1]
Explain why this occurs
+90º and +180º: RAD. Most common cause is right ventricular hypertrophy
Extra right ventricular tissue results in a stronger electrical signal being generated by the right side of the heart.
Describe the changes in ECG leads seen cardiac in right axis deviation [2]
Deflection in lead I to become negative
Deflection in lead aVF/III to be more positive.
Describe the changes in ECG leads seen cardiac in left axis deviation [2]
Deflection of lead III becoming negative (this is only considered significant if the deflection of lead II also becomes negative).
Name 3 reasons left axis deviation may occur [3]
left anterior hemiblock
left bundle branch block
inferior myocardial infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome- right-sided accessory pathway
hyperkalaemia
congenital: ostium primum ASD, tricuspid atresia
minor LAD in obese people
Name 3 reasons right axis deviation may occur [3]
right ventricular hypertrophy
left posterior hemiblock
lateral myocardial infarction
chronic lung disease → cor pulmonale
pulmonary embolism
ostium secundum ASD
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome- left-sided accessory pathway
normal in infant < 1 years old
minor RAD in tall people
Left axis deviation would occur from an MI in which part of the heart?
Septal
Anterior
Inferior
Lateral
Left axis deviation would occur from an MI in which part of the heart?
Septal
Anterior
Inferior
Lateral
Name 4 causes of systolic dysfunction [4]
Ischaemic heart disease
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Arrhythmias
Name a common side effect of statin use [1]
myalgia
Name the different places that haematopoiesis occurs in from embryo to neotate [4]
Embryo (3 weeks): Yolk sac
Fetus (6 weeks): Liver
Fetus (8 weeks): Spleen =
Neonate: Bone marrow
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