HD EOYS4 Flashcards
Which virus has differing chronicty depending on age at infection?
EBV
Hep B
VZV
Hep C
HSV
Which virus has differing chronicty depending on age at infection?
EBV
Hep B
Hep C
HSV
Name a virus that is usually asymptomatic in early life but is typically worse in 15-25 years old
EBV
Hep B
VZV
Hep C
HSV
Name a virus that is usually asymptomatic in early life but is typically worse in 15-25 years old
EBV
Hep B
VZV
Hep C
HSV
Which of the following causes scarlet fever?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Which of the following causes scarlet fever?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Which of the following is group A strep?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Which of the following is group A strep?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Which of the following is group B strep?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Which of the following is group B strep?
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus viridans
Describe pathophysiology caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- What process does the A-B subunit inhbit? [1]
- What are the pathological consequences for the heart [2] & nerves? [3]
- What structural change occurs in mouth? [1]
Diphtheria toxin: A and B subunits inhibits protein synthesis:
Heart implications:
- Myocarditis
- Heart block
Nerve implications:
- Difficulty swallowing
- Paralysis
- Diplopia
Get pseudomembrane in mouth
What are the four bacilli gram +ve organsims need to know? [3]
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus: cereus (food pois); anthracis (anthrax)
Clostridium: tetani botulinum, difficile
Describe the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease
Which two molecules are activated by LPS that cause inflammatory cascade for meningococcal disease? [2]
IL-6
TNF-α
Name three most common causes of septicaemia and meningitis [3]
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
* Group B and C
* Increase in Group W since 2009
* Teenagers, university students
Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)
Name 4 invasive features of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection
- Meningitis
- Sepsis
- Osteomyelitis
- Septic arthritis
- Peritonitis
- Lobar pneumonia
- Empyema
Name the two most common presentations of Pneumococcal pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) [2]
- Lobar pneuomonia
- Empyema (a serious complication characterized by pus and bacteria in the pleural)
How would you manage empyema caused by pneuomococcal pneuomonia? [2]
Chest drain
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
Name two rheumatological implications of pneuomococcal pneuomonia infection
Osteomyelitis (inflammation in a bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacterial infection)
Septic arthritis
Which pathogen cauese this symptom? [1]
Neisseria meningitidis - septic patient
What is the most common organism responsible for infective endocarditis?
Streptococcus bovis
Staphylococcus epidermis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus viridans
What is the most common organism responsible for infective endocarditis?
Streptococcus bovis
Staphylococcus epidermis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus viridans
Name this symptom [1]
What causative agent is most likely to have caused this infection?
Herpetic whitlow
Caused by HSV-1 (60% of cases, HSV-2 in 40%)
What causative agent is most likely to have caused this? [1]
Congenital CMV infection
What is this infection? [1]
Name the two most likely causative agents? [1]
Impetigo
Agents: group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.
Name the most likely causative agent of this symptom [1]
Epstein-Barr Virus - causing infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
Name the most likely causative agent of this symptom [1]
Epstein-Barr Virus - causing infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
Which is the most severe form of malaria? [1]
Plasmodium falciparum
Explain pathophysiology of malaria life cycle
Malaria is spread by mosquitoes
Infected blood is sucked up by feeding female Anopheles mosquito.
Malaria in the blood reproduces in the gut of the mosquito producing thousands of sporozoites (malaria spores).
The mosquito bites another human or animal the sporozoites are injected by the mosquito. These sporozoites travel to the liver of the newly infected person
Sporozoites mature in the liver into merozoites which enter the blood and infect red blood cells.
merozoites reproduce over 48 hours, after which the red blood cells rupture releasing loads more merozoites into the blood and causing a haemolytic anaemia
Explain the differences in the presentations of Herpes simplex in older children and adults [3] compared to very young children [2]
Older children and adults: relatively benign
* Herpes labialis
* Herpetic whitlow
* Cold sore
Neonates: causes perncious effects via two presentations:
- Disseminated HSV
- HSV encephalitis:
What pathology causes this slide from testis [1]
Explain your answer [1]
The seminiferous tubules contain Sertoli cells, but none of the characteristic cells of spermatogenesis. Abundant Leydig cells remain in the interstitium.
What is the name for this surgery? [1]
Orchiectomy
What is the name for this surgery? [1]
Orchidopexy
What is the name for this surgery? [1]
Orchidopexy
Describe the process of spermatogenesis [5]
Spermatogenesis:
* Division of spermatognia into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes via meiosis
* Spermatogonia remain in the basal compartment
* Primary spermatocytes migrate away from the basement membrane and cross in the adjuminal comparment towards the lumen of the ST
* Primary spermatocytes then enter meiosis (prolonged prophase) - which faciliates the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
* First division creates secondary spermatocytes with 23 pairs of chromosomes
* Secondary spermatocytes divide into haploid spermatids
In which condition would you see atrophic testis? [1]
Atrophic testes occur in cryptorchidism, when testis fail to descend into the scrotum
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate: which part of the prostate does it occur in? [1]
Transitional zone has proliferation and hypertrophy
Adenocarcinoma prostate:
Occurs in which zone of the prostate? [1]
How does is it present histopathologically/ [1]
peripheral zone w/ adenocarnioma
Note the malignant glands are generally smaller than benign glands
Benign: L; Malignant: R
Label A-D out of:
BPE
Adenocarcinoma
Normal
prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: PIN
D: BPH: Histological studies have demonstrated both glandular and stromal proliferation.
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
A: adenocarcinoma
The malignant glands in the lower left show macronucleoli in contrast to the benign glands on the upper right side. However, one has to be cautious.
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
Adenocarcinoma
This focus of prostate cancer has all the essential histologic features - small crowded glands lined by a single layer of cells, nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, and intraluminal blue mucin. A benign gland is partially visible at the lower right side of the image. Contrast its nuclear size to those of adjacent malignant glands.
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
A: adenocarcinoma
Glomerulations are an architectural feature that are usually associated with carcinoma in a prostate needle biopsy. Similar structures may rarely be seen in benign prostate glands. They consist of an aggregate of tumor cells that projects into the lumen of a larger malignant gland creating a superficial resemblance to a renal glomerulus.
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
What does this slide depict?
A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH
TL: BPE
TR: Adenomcarcinoma
BL: Normal
BR: PIN
