HD EOYS6 (mostly breast histology qs) Flashcards
The majority of breast disease originates from which part of the breast? [1]
Terminal ductal lobular unit
Intralobular duct
Lactiferous duct
Interlobular duct
The majority of breast disease originates from which part of the breast? [1]
Terminal ductal lobular unit
Intralobular duct
Lactiferous duct
Interlobular duct
During pregnancy there is a drastic [increase / decrease] in adipose tissue in breast
During pregnancy there is a drastic [increase / decrease] in connective tissue in breast
During pregnancy there is a drastic decrease in adipose tissue in breast
During pregnancy there is a drastic decrease in connective tissue in breast
Pregnancy and breast tissue
[] secretion is also known as exocytosis
Apocrine
Merocrine
Exocrine
Endocrine
[] secretion is also known as exocytosis
Apocrine
Merocrine
Exocrine
Endocrine
TL: invasive ductal
TR: insitu ductal
BL: invasive lobu
BR: insitu lobular
BR; invasive ductal
BL: dcis
TR: invasive lobular
TL: insitu loblar
When should the cranial sutures close?
After 6 months
After 8 months
After 12 months
After 18 months
When should the cranial sutures close?
After 6 months
After 8 months
After 12 months
After 18 months
Growth hormone deficiency characterised by? [3]
Growth hormone deficiency characterised by:
- decreased growth velocity
- delayed skeletal maturation
- in the absence of other explanations
**Normal birth weight and only slighly reduced length **
Normal growth: but after 7 / 8 years growth plateaus (regains after GH treatment)
Why does GH deficiency suggest that GH is only a minor contributor to intrauterine growth? [1]
Children with GHD have normal birth weight and only slightly reduced length
If you have short stature or decreased growth rate - what would screening studies try and rule out / discover? [2]
If no findings were found for ^, what would you diagnose? [1]
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Another underlying disease
No findings of GHD: Idiopathic short stature
What type of drug is oxandrolone and what does it help to treat? [1]
Androgen anoblic steroid: can improve height in Tuner syndrome; but not for ISS
Name two types of ISS [2]
constitutional growth delay
familial short stature
When does puberty begin in boys [1] and girls [1]
Puberty starts in 95%:
Girls between 8 -13 years
Boys between 9-14 years
What are the 5 stages of James Tanner puberty?
Tanner stage 1 = pre-puberty
Tanner stage 2 = start of puberty
Tanner stage 5 = sexual maturity
You are posted in a Paediatric endocrinology placement where you are seeing multiple cases of girls being diagnosed with precocious puberty by your consultant. Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before what age?
5 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
You are posted in a Paediatric endocrinology placement where you are seeing multiple cases of girls being diagnosed with precocious puberty by your consultant. Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before what age?
5 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
What would the precocious puberty be classified as in girls [1] and boys? [1]
What is most common cause? [1]
Reach Tanner stage 2 before age of 8 (female) or 9 (male)
Most common cause is premature production of GnRH (stage 2)
How do you treat precocious puberty? [1]
Give GnRH to overstimulate pituitary and desensitised and stops producing gonadotrophins
At what stage of James Tanner puberty is irreversible to treatment for precocious puberty? [1]
Stage 3
What would an individual with low or normal serum LH and FSH levels but a normal growth rate be likely to suffering from? [1]
GnRH deficiency or Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP)
What would an individual with low or normal serum LH and FSH levels but a slow growth rate be likely to suffering from? [1]
Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
What would an individual with elevated serum LH and FSH levels after 13 /14 years be suffering from? [1]
Primary hypogonadism
What are the 3 potential causes of functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
If have a low BMI? [1]
If have a normal BMI? [3]
If have a high BMI? [1]
What are the 3 potential causes of functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
If have a low BMI: GI disorder (underfeeding)
If have a normal BMI: hypothyroidsm; hyper-PRL; GHD
If have a high BMI: Iatrogenic (corticoids)
What do you need to take into account when assessing disablity and developmental delay in pre-term children? [1]
Preterm birth: need to ensure have a corrected age vs chronological age for developmental purposes up to 2yrs age
(e.g. Born at 28/40weeks at 1 year age is actually like a 9month old developmentally)