QF 11 Flashcards
Parkinson’s arises specifically from degredation of which part of the brain? [1]
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
What is a Rinne positive and negative test result? [1]
If the bone conduction through the mastoid process is heard louder than through the air, the patient is Rinne negative
Positive state indicates healthy state
[] Hz tuning fork is the most commonly clinically used tool to test for vibratory sensation
128 Hz tuning fork is the most commonly clinically used tool to test for vibratory sensation
In bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to withdraw a sample of the fluid portion. In bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to withdraw a sample of the solid portion.
Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy?
Aspirate
Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy?
Biopsy
Average lifespan of platelet? [1]
Platelet lifespan
8 to 14 days
Primary haemostasis (platelet number and function) is tested in lab using bleeding time. What is the range for normal bleeding time?
Normal bleeding time: 1-3 minutes
Where is VWF synthesised [2] and stored? [3]
Synthesised by
* Endothelial cells
* Megakaryocytes
Stored in
* Subendothelial matrix (immobilized state)
* Present in the soluble state in the plasma
* Alpha granules of the platelets
State two granule contents released from platelets and their roles during primary haemostasis [4]
ADP: Aggregation of platelets
Synthesis & release of thromboxane A2: Vasoconstriction
Fibrinogen binds to [] on adjacent platelets
Fibrinogen binds to GPIIb/IIIa on adjacent platelets
thrombin works by postive feedback due to continued activation from which factor? [1]
Va
Factor X works by postive feedback due to continued activation from which factor? [1]
Factor VIIIa
Which Factor does thrombin activate in the common pathway, which helps fibrin become crosslinked? [1]
Factor XIII
Describe a downregulator of coagulation cascade [1]
Thrombomodulin is a cofactor for thrombin that converts Thrombin from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant by stimulating activation of the anticoagulant serine protease protein C.
What are the 3 main anticoagulants of the body? [3]
antithrombin
protein c
protein s
What are the borders of the triangle of safety? [4]
Triangle of safety: Pec major, lat, 5th intercostal space, axilla
What volumes of blood are lost of classes I-IV of shock? [4]
Describe the characterstics of haemophilia [1]
People with Haemophilia (PWH) do not bleed faster but
bleed for a longer period of time.
This person has ?
haemophilia
What is inheritence of hameophilia? [1]
Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern
What is inheritence pattern for VDW types? [3]
Type 1 and 2: Autosomal Dom
Type 3: Autosomal Rec
Describe how we differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) from anaemia of
inflammation? [2]
How do you tell if a person has inflammation AND IDA the iron deficiency?
The most useful blood test is serum ferritin – it will be low in pure IDA and high in
anaemia of inflammation.
Serum transferrin receptor levels will be elevated in IDA and normal in anaemia
inflammation
The key caveat is that in a person with inflammation AND IDA the iron deficiency may be “masked” because ferritin is an acute phase reactant – in that case ferritin will be normal but in the low normal range.
Describe pathophysiology and characteristics of Hirschsprungs disease
Nerve cells are absent in myenteric plexus of rectum and distal bowel
Parasympathetic cells do not travel all the way to colon; can’t relax and move: obstruction of the bowel
Which population is Hirschprungs disease often found in? [1]
Down Syndrome
vomiting green fluid (bile), failing to pass meconiumwithin 48 hoursand a swollen belly could indicate? [1]
Hirschsprungs Disease
[] occurs when a remnant of the yolk sac (Vitelline duct) persists.
Meckel’s diverticulum occurs when a remnant of the yolk sac (Vitelline duct) persists.
Draw the tracts of the spinal cord