Questions for anatomy physiology and embryology

Question 1

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 1

T10

Question 2

What nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 2

Vagus nerve

Question 3

When a patient presents with appendicitis, why does the nature of their pain change from dull and generalized to sharp and localized as disease progresses?

Answer 3

Visceral afferent nerves from appendicitis cause general pain. As appendix becomes more inflammed it comes into contact with abdominal wall and pain is felt from somatic sensory nerves in a more specific area.

Question 4

What cell is CCK released from and what does it do?

Answer 4

• I cells (i)

- Initiates GB to release bile. Role in satiety and release of pancreatic enzymes

Question 5

How do large chain fatty acids get absorbed from the intestines and move into systemic circulation?

Answer 5

Taken into enterocyte via transporters.
Incorporated into chylomicrons and released into lymph vessels via exocytosis.
Will enter systemic circulation through left or right venous angles

Question 6

Which muscle of mastication allows opening of the mouth?

Answer 6

Lateral pterygoid

muscles on the edge of your mouth get you to open

Question 7

Which sensory nerve innervates the tip of the tongue?

Answer 7

CN V3 does sensory (trigeminal)

CN VII supplies taste (facial nerve)

Question 8

Which structure allows for communication between greater and lesser sac?

Answer 8

Omental foreman (foreman of winslow)

Question 9

Which vein drains midgut organs?

Answer 9

Splenic vein

Question 10

What are the borders of the calot’s triangle and what is found in it?

Answer 10

• Liver, Common hepatic duct, cystic duct

- Cystic artery