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NUR3300 > Qualitative Design and Sampling > Flashcards

Qualitative Design and Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

Participant

A

“subject” in quantitative studies. makes person in study feel like a partner instead of a guinea pig.

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2
Q

Key informants

A

person who is in pivotal position to give you the info you need. broad background. lived the experience. not always most important or most educated.

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3
Q

purposive sampling

A

not random. nonprobability sampling method used in qualitative studies to select a distinct group of individuals that either have lived the experience or have expertise in the event or experience being studied.

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4
Q

snowball sampling

A

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

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5
Q

participant observation

A

method of collecting data. role of the researcher in qualitative methods when the researcher is not merely an observer but also a participant during data collection.

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6
Q

redundancy

A

data is saturated. stop collecting at this point

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7
Q

bracketing

A

a strategy used by qualitative researchers to set aside person interpretations to avoid bias

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8
Q

gatekeeper

A

person you need to go through to gain access to a site. very people oriented. pay attention to when you have worn out your welcome.

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9
Q

Qualitative Research

What is it?

A

 Research that is directed from a naturalistic paradigm.
 Wholistic in nature—tries to capture the whole human experience.
 Does not reduce human situation to numbers.
 Remains objective and systematic although the process is different than in quantitative studies.
 Relies predominantly on conversation and observation to derive data.

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10
Q

Qualitative Research

When is it used in nursing?

A

 Focus on psychosocial issues
 Explore, describe, and explain human situations that affect health.
 Interpret the meaning of situations on health related issues.
 Analyze the complex processes involved in health related issues.
 Illustrate previously discovered findings.

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11
Q

Examples:

In terms of purpose of qualitative research

A

 To explore the perception of pain by elderly osteoarthritis patients.
 To describe the impact of kidney dialysis on family dynamics.
 To explain the origins of “cultural competence” as a required nursing competency.
 To interpret the role of depression in adolescent alcohol usage.
 To analyze the patterns involved in critical thinking by expert nurses. (how did “they” learn to think that way)
 To illustrate the consequences of social network deprivation on family coping.

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12
Q

The Method:
General Process of Qualitative research
Inductive Logic:

A

examine many specific cases to come find the common thread.

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13
Q

The Method:
General Process of qualitative research
Emergent:

A

the stories reveal the common threads as data collection progresses.

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14
Q

The Method” General Process of qualitative research

Creative:

A

while a method is pre-determined, minor changes of direction and tactics can be made to follow-up on potentially fruitful avenues.

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15
Q

General Procedures

A

 Appropriate to purpose (Design, Analysis plan)
 Site issues
 Interview/observation tools (typical problem with this method is you end up with a huge amount of information)
 Analysis issues
 Reporting issues

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16
Q

Field Work

A

 The process of obtaining information in a qualitative study.
 Most closely associated with ethnographic methods although similar methods are used in many qualitative research traditions.
 Separates the researcher’s perspective (etic view) from the participant’s perspective (emic view).
 Involves participant observation.

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17
Q

Dimensions of field work

Space

A

the physical environment or place

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18
Q

Dimensions of field work

Objects

A

the physical things that are present in the environment.

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19
Q

Dimensions of field work

Feeling

A

emotions felt and expressed by participants

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20
Q

Dimensions of field work

Actors

A

the people involved

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21
Q

Dimensions of field work

Acts

A

single actions people do

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22
Q

Dimensions of field work

Activities

A

a set of related acts people do

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23
Q

Dimensions of field work

Events

A

: the set of related activities people carry out

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24
Q

Dimensions of field work

Goals

A

things people are trying to accomplish

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25
Q

Dimensions of field work

Time

A

sequencing of events that take place over time as people try to achieve goals.

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26
Q

Stages of Field Work

Pick the setting:

A

 Identify a target group and a place to find them.

 Go to setting and examine the safety and whether you can obtain all of your data from that setting.

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27
Q

Stages of Field Work

Establish rapport and trust within setting:

A

 Takes time.

 Must show respect, interest, and discretion, honor.

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28
Q

Stages of Field Work

Determine?

A

type of interaction acceptable to the participants.

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29
Q

Stages of Field Work

Collect and record…

A

data via well kept notes

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30
Q

Stages of Field Work

Leaving the field

A

 At the appropriate time—hopefully after collecting all needed data but before you wear out your welcome.
 Poorly timed departure may impede further attempts to collect data at that setting

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31
Q

Note Taking

Observational

A

NOT interpretation
 Careful observations collected by your five senses.
 Just the facts—no interpretation about what the facts mean.

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32
Q

Note taking

Personal

A

Where data analysis begins
 This is your interpretation of the facts.
 This is where data analysis is represented—the simultaneous collection/analysis process unique to qualitative studies

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33
Q

Note taking

Methodological

A

 Notes to self on method problems and what needs to be changed
 May need a different time of day or different place.
 May want to change order of questions or add new ones.

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34
Q

Sources of data

Observation

A

Uses all five senses to “observe” data

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35
Q

Sources of data

interview

A
  • Highly structured (specific questions in a specific order)
  • semi-structured (General questions that need to be addressed but not in any sort of order)
  • Non-structured (General lead in questions and then just follow the participant’s lead.)
36
Q

Sources of data

written sources

A

records, newspapers, etc

37
Q

Reliability and design issues

Researcher’s status

A

If seen by participant as an outsider or powerful person, true view of situation may be hampered.

38
Q

Reliability and design issues

Participant selection

A

Participants may not be the best available.

39
Q

Reliability and design issues

Social conditions

A

Surrounding environment and societal issues can impede appropriate data collection

40
Q

Reliability and design issues

Methods

A

May choose the wrong place, wrong time, wrong questions, etc

41
Q

validity and design issues

History and maturation

A

If doing a study over time, people change and the environment changes.

42
Q

validity and design issues

Observer effects

A

People may act differently if they are being watched.

43
Q

validity and design issues

selection and regression

A

The more participants you have, the more average the responses. OK if you want the average story, but may be a problem for other purposes.

44
Q

validity and design issues

mortality

A

Sometimes you need to contact someone for more information and you can’t.
Moved, phone disconnected, died, too afraid to talk with you again, etc.

45
Q

Specific designs

A 
Historical
Case Studies
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory Method
46
Q

Historical research

purpose

A

 To learn the truth about the past
 To explain how the past has impacted the present
 To anticipate the future based on historical patterns

47
Q

historical research

Sources of data

A

must be eye-witness or authoritative and current to the time in question:
 Diaries
 Journals
 Newspapers
 Other factual sources such as early new reels, video’s, voice recordings, notations in family records, court records, etc.

48
Q

Historical Research Examples

A

 The impact of birth control views espoused by Margaret Sanger in the early 1900’s.
 The evolution of the Advanced Practice Nursing Role in the United States.
 Lessons learned from the nurse run Loeb Center and implications for the future.

49
Q

Case Studies:

A

 Intensive exploration of a naturally occurring group or case

50
Q

Case studies may be:

A

one person, one family, one nursing unit.

51
Q

Case study purpose:

A

provide in-depth analysis of one case to:
 Gain insight into current characteristics in a situation.
 Obtain background data for little known phenomena.
 Explain psycho-social processes involved in complex health situation.
 Illustrate generalized statistical findings by applying them to one case.

52
Q

Case studies must

A

obtain data from everyone considered part of the “case”

53
Q

Case study examples

A

 The experience of parental grieving by a parent of a veteran killed in action.
 From development of symptoms to death: The progress of preparing to die.
 Illustration of transformational leadership in one nursing unit

54
Q

Ethnography

A

 Derived from anthropology.
 A detailed study of the life styles of persons of a particular culture or subculture.
 Examine patterns of living and the meaning of those patterns to the people within that culture.

55
Q

Ethnography may look at:

A

Ethnic groups or other clearly defined groups such as:
 Age groups
 Prison inmates
 Emergency room registered nurses

56
Q

ethnography study must focus on:

A

the common cultural behavior, cultural knowledge, and cultural artifacts

57
Q

Ethnography

Emic vs Etic

A

Emic-insider view

Etic- outsider view

58
Q

ethnography
related methods
ethnoscience

A

the anthropology of knowledge

59
Q

ethnography
related methods
ethnonursing

A

the anthropology of nursing practice

60
Q

Ethnography Examples

A

 Cultural patterns of health seeking behavior in immigrant Mexican farm workers.
 Beliefs of intensive care nurses regarding determination of end of life and organ harvesting.
 “Normal” as defined by adolescents with severe emotional disability.

61
Q

phenomenology

A

derived from psychology

62
Q

phenomenology attempts to…

A

understand the human experience

63
Q

phenomenology key phrase in the abstract?

A

“what is it like to live with/through…”

64
Q

Phenomenology uses participant’s…

A

perspective of reality and not the perspective of the researcher’s reality

65
Q

Phenomenology hopes to find…

A

themes on the reasons, feelings, and thoughts of the individuals experiencing the phenomena

66
Q

examples of phenomenology

A

 What is it like to live with cystic fibrosis?
 What is it like to live with guilt following the accidental death of a sibling?
 What is it like to live through a major disaster such as Hurricane Sandy?

67
Q

Grounded theory

A

derived from sociology

68
Q

grounded theory looks for

A

the underlying social process.

“What is the process of . . . .?”

69
Q

Grounded theory also…

A

 Examines social pressures through symbolic interactionism.
 Symbolic interactionism looks at symbols used during human interactions such as written and spoken words. (lots of direct quotes are used)
 Uses participant’s own words to explain the process.
 The participant’s words (symbols) have useful meaning only in the present tense and only when shared by others experiencing the same situation.
 The specific purpose of the study is to create a new theory from the derived meaning of the symbols. (Examines the literature AFTER developing the theory)
 Both a type of research and a method of data analysis.

70
Q

Examples of grounded theory

A

 Becoming an alcoholic: The process of losing self.
 The development of a self-perception as “mother” in pregnant adolescent females.
 The role of regret in chronic grief.

71
Q

Qualitative sample

nonrandom

A

Does not rely on any type of math to determine who will be chosen for the sample.

72
Q

qualitative sample

rich in substance

A

Need to talk to people who can give very clear, complete, articulate accounts of the chosen subject.

73
Q

Steps of Qualitative Sampling

volunteer

A

 Find the best people to volunteer to be in the study.
 Must consult many experts and local people to find participants.
 This may take much time and effort on the part of the researcher

74
Q

Steps of Qualitative Sampling

Snowball

A

 Only until you hit redundancy
 Ask your volunteers if they know anyone else who might be interested in the study.
 Need to be sure the new participants are also good sources of data.

75
Q

Steps of Qualitative Sampling

Redundancy

A

 Finish collecting data when you are hearing no new information. (You keep hearing the same story again and again.)
 This means there is no pre-set number of participants. One keeps collecting data until it seems fruitless to collect any more data.

76
Q

Sampling strategies:

A

many different strategies can be applied depending on the purpose and question

77
Q

sampling strategies:

maximum variance

A
  • Looking for as much diversity as possible in your people.
  • Example: newly diagnosed and people with long term diabetes (both men and women, all ages) to examine experience of chronic illness.
78
Q

sampling strategies

homogeneous

A
  • Looking for people with very similar experiences

* Example: only newly diagnosed young adult women with diabetes to examine feelings about chronic illness.

79
Q

sampling strategies

extreme/variant case

A
  • interested in something rare, unusal. extreme end. want to find out how they got there, how survived.
  • Case that exemplify the outer most experience
  • Example: person who survived severe airline accident with no physical injury to examine post traumatic stress.
80
Q

More sampling strategies

intensity

A

• Cases obtained where the greatest concentration exists of the situation that’s being studied.

81
Q

more sampling strategies

intensity example

A

Obtain sample for homeless study from St. Vincent de Paul’s.

82
Q

More sampling strategies

typical case

A

• Common stories

83
Q

More sampling strategies

typical case example

A

Just want average, normal, typical folks who are involved in this situation.

84
Q

more sampling strategies

theory based

A
  • Once the theory starts to emerge, pick people who might exemplify the theory.
  • Must also look for people who would refute the theory
85
Q

more sampling strategies

theory based example

A

Theory developed says kinship is important to parenting skills, so look specifically at people who have strong kinship groups

NUR3300 (20 decks)

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