Chapter 9 and 13 Vocab (quiz 3/25) Flashcards
alternate form
a test for instrument reliability where new instruments are given intwo different versions. scores are correlated. strong positive corelations indicate good reliability; alson known as parallel form
case studies
a description of a single or novel event
categorical data
the lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups; nominal data
concurrent validity
a test for criterion-related validity when a new instrumetn is adminstered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid. scores of the two instrumetns are compared. strong positive correlations indicate good validity.
construct validity
a threat to external validity when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts
content validity
a kind of validity to ensure that the instrument measures the concept; a test in which experts on the topic are asked to judge each item on an instrument by assigning a rating to determine its fit with the concept being measured.
continuous data
Interval-or ratio-level data that use a continuum of numeric values with equal intervals
convergent testing
a test for constrct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid. scores of the two instruments are compared. strong, positive correlations indicate good vailidty.
correlation coefficient
an estimate, ranging from 0.00 to +1.00, that indicates the reliablity of an instrument; a statistic used to describe relationship between two variables
criterion-related validity
degree to which the observed score and the true score are related
cronbach’s alpha
a test for instruments reliablity used with interval or ratio items; using a computure, all items are simultaneously compared
dicotomous
nominal measuremnt when only two possible fixed responses exist such as yes or no
direct observations
observing phenomena using the five senses
divergent testing
a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument measuring the opposiste of the concept. Scores of the two instruments are compared. Strong negative correlations indicate good validity.
equivalence
an attribute of reliablity in which there is agreement between alternate forms of an instrument or alternate raters.
face validty
a test for content validity when colleagues or subjects examine an instrument and are asked whether it appears to measure the concept
factor analysis
a test for construct validity that is a statistical approach to identfify items that group together
focus groups
a strategy to obtain data from small group of people using interview questions
hypothesis testing
collection of objectively measureable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; empirical testing; a test for construct validity
internal consistency
an attribute of reliability when all items on an instrument measure the same concept
interrater reliability
a test for instrument reliability when two observers measure the same event. scores are correlated. strong positive correlations indicate good reliablity.
interval
a continuum of numeric values with equal intervals but lacks an absolute zero.
interviews
a method for collecting data in person or over the telephone.
item to total correlation
a test for instrument reliability when each item is correlated to the total score; reliable items have strong corerlations with the total score
known group testing
a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered to individuals known to be high or low on the characteristic being measured.
kuder-richardson coefficient
a test for instrument reliability for use with dichotomous items; using a computer, all items are simultaneously compared
levels of measurement
a system of classifying measurements according to a hierarchy of measurement and the type of statistical tests that are appropriate; levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
likert scales
ordinal level sclae containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum
measurement error
the difference between the true score and the observed score
methodological
studies for the purpose of creating and testing new instruments
multitrait-multimethod testing
test for construct validity in which a new instrument, established instrument of same concept, and established instrument of opposite concept are given at the same time; strong positive and negative correlations indicate good validity.
nominal
The lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups; categorical data
observations
a technique to gather data
ordinal
a continuum of numeric values where the intervals are not meant to be equal
parallel form
a test for instrumetn reliability where new instruments are given in two different versions. scores are correlated. strong positive correlations indicate good reliability; also known as alternate form.
physiological measures
data obtained from teh measuremtn of biological, chemical, and microbiological phenomena
predictive validity
a test for criterion-related validity where a enw isntrument is given at two different times and scores are correlated. strong positive correlations indicate good validity
psychometrics
the development of instruments to measure psychological attributes
questionnaires
a printed instrument used to gather data
random error
error that occurs by chance during measurement
ratio
the highest level of measuremtn that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute zero and have equal intervals
reliability
obtainment of consistent measurements over time
scales
used to assign a numeric value or score on a continuum
split-half reliability
a test for instrument reliability in which the items are divided to form two isntruments
stability
an attribute of reliability wheninstruments render the same scores with repeated measures under the same circumstances
systematic error
error that occurs in the same way with each measurement
test-retest reliability
a test for instrument reliability when new instruments are given at two different times under the same conditions. scores are correlated. strong positve correlations indicate good reliability.
unstructured observations
a method of data collection associated with qualitative research
validity
the degree that an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
visual analog scale
ratio level scale of 100mm line anchored on each end with words or symbols
auditability
the degree to which the examination of qualitative data can be shown to be consisten over time and to support the findings
axial coding
the analysis of categories and lables after open coding has been completed
coding
assignment of lables to each line of transcript in qualitative analysis
confessionist tales
personalized accoutns by qualitiative reserachers that provide insight about data collection and scientific rigor
confirmability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study related to the rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintennce of audit trails to document the research process
credibility
one of four criteria for establishing a trustworthy qualitative study referring to the truth or believability of findings
data reduction
the simplification of large amounts of data obtained from qualitative interviews or other sources
data saturation
in qualitative research the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of new information is consistently heard
dependability
one of four criteria for a trustworhty qualitative study related to consistency in the findings over time; auditability
impressionist tales
chronicles by qualitative researchers using story telling and more personal descriptions about the experience of conducting the study
member checks
a strategy for qualitative studies in which the researcher goes back to participants and shares the results with them to ensure the findings reflect what participants said
negative case analysis
a qualitative strategy involving the analysis of cases that do not fit patterns or categories
open coding
the grouping of qualitative data into categories that seem logical
peer debriefing
a technique used in qualitative research when the researcher enlists the help of another person, who is a peer, to discuss the data and findings
personal narrative
a way of conveying the meaning of experiences through a storytelling approach
qualitative data analysis
the production of knowledge that results from analysis of words
realist tales
a real-life acount of the culture being studied presented in a third person voice clearly separating researchers from participants
replicated
when another researcher has findings similar to a previous study
representativeness
the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population
transferability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study relating to whether findings from one study can be transferred to as imilar context
trustworthiness
the quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of findings from qualitative research
