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NUR3300 > Exam 2 Quantitative Designs > Flashcards

Exam 2 Quantitative Designs Flashcards

1
Q

What is quantitative design?

A

All dealing with numbers. basic or fancy. all look at numbers somehow

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2
Q

What are the major categories of quantitative design when looking at factors such as control, manipulation, bias?

A

Experimental, quasi-experimental, nonexperimental

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3
Q

What are the major categories of quantitative designs when looking at time as the factor?

A

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective

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4
Q

When can we use a quant. design?

A
  • To describe phenomena
  • To explain relationships and differences
  • To predict relationships
  • To determine causality
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5
Q

Experimental designs

A

Highest level of evidence for individual studies

  • make comparisons of before and after
  • make comparisons between groups
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6
Q

Experimental designs

MUST Demonstrate

A

Randomization
Control
Manipulation of variables

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7
Q

Experimental designs

Notations used

A

R(randomization), O (observation), X(treatment or intervention)

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8
Q

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

A

A clinically focused study of any experimental design

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9
Q

Randomized Control Trial:

A
  • Involve a large number of subjects
  • Strict inclusion guidelines
  • Random assignment to treatment and control groups
  • comparable on key characteristics
  • Treatment (I.V.) given to intervention group
  • D.V. measured for both groups
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10
Q

Types of experimental designs
Basic
2 groups pretest/post-test

A

2 groups pretest/post-test
- Tx group : R O1 X O2
-Ctl group : R O1 O2
Can examine between and within subjects (groups)

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11
Q

Types of experimental designs
Basic
2 group post-test only

A
  • Tx group : R X O1

- Ctl group : R O2

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12
Q

Types of experimental designs
Basic
Soloman 4 group

A

1st Tx and Ctl group: R O1 X O2

2nd Tx and Ctl group: R X O2

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13
Q

Types of experimental designs
Basic
Multiple group

A

Multiple Tx groups and 1 Ctl group

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14
Q

Types of experimental designs

Factorial

A

Usually two or more treatments to individuals in the treatment group

  • Usually between subjects/groups design
  • Examines main and interaction effects
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15
Q

Types of experimental designs

Crossover designs

A

Subjects serve as on control
I.Vs are manipulated
I.Vs are randomized in terms of order administered

O1 O2 R X1 O3 O4 (-X) O5 O6 X2 O7 O8

(Example of longitudinal design)

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16
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A
  • Can manipulate the I.V.
  • May lack randomization
  • May lack a control group
  • Less able to make claim of probable cause and effect
17
Q

Quasi-experimental designs:

Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest

A
  • COMPARISON group is not selected by random means
  • Individuals are self selected into the groups (comparison rather than control group)
  • Causes a problem with analysis because of the selection bias.
  • Tx group : O1 X O2
  • Ctl group: O1 O2
18
Q

Quasi-experimental designs:

Time series

A
  • Can manipulate the I.V.
  • No randomization
  • No control group
  • Examine one group over time

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6

Also, Longitudinal design

19
Q

Quasi-experimental designs:

Preexperimental designs

A

Can manipulate I.V. but no control and no randomization

20
Q

Quasi-experimental designs:
Preexperimental designs

One group pretest-postest

A

O1 X O2

21
Q

Quasi-experimental designs:
Preexperimental designs

Nonequivalent groups posttest only

A
  • Tx group : X O2

- Ctl group: O2

22
Q

Non-experimental designs

A
  • Tend to focus on personal beliefs, experiences, etc

- Cannot manipulate the I.V., cannot have a control group, cannot randomize

23
Q

Non-experimental designs are used to:

A
  • Describe phenomena
  • Explain relationships/differences among variables
  • Predict relationships/differences among variables
24
Q

Non-experimental Descriptive Designs

A
  • To provide a picture of situations as the naturally happen.
  • To develop theory, identify problems with current practice, justify current practice, make judgments, or determine what other in similar situations are doing.
  • There is no I.V. or D.V., just research variables
25
Q

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

A
  • May describe, predict, or detect relationships.

- Examine relationships among variables (how do the variables covary? covariance is NOT causation.

26
Q

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

Statistical correlation shows:

A
  • Strength of relationship
  • Direction of relationship
  • Significance of relationship
27
Q

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

Descriptive Correlational

A

Examines the degree of relationships between variables as described (correlation coefficients)
-Test nondirectional hypotheses

28
Q

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

Predictive correlational

A
  • Examines the degree of relationships between variables as described
  • Tests a directional hypothesis
  • Used to determine the amount of variance (influence) predictor variables have on an outcome variable (multiple regression)
29
Q

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

Model testing correlational designs

A

Causal modeling and path analysis

  • Many variables involved as predictors
  • Examines how much impact each on the outcome variable or on other predictor variables
30
Q

Ethics

A

Appropriate informed consent

Design must maximize benefit and minimize risk (unforeseen events may require the study to be halted)

Manipulation of the I.V. may not be ethical

Self selection into groups may be most ethical approach

Control groups must receive standard care

Those who drop out of study (treatment group) must still receive standard care

31
Q

What is the difference between an experimental study and a quasiexperimental study?

A

Randomization

32
Q

What is the difference between an experimental study and a non-experimental study?

A

Experimental study has control group, non-experiemental does not.
Research variables instead of true DV/IV
Don’t manipulate the variables in non-experimental, no randomization in non-experimental

33
Q

What do the following symbols indicate?
R
X
O

A

R-Randomization
X-Treatment
O-Observation

34
Q

Tx group: R O1 X O2

Ctl Group: R O1 O2

A

Experimental pretest/postest

35
Q

1st tx and ctl group: R O1 X O2

2nd tx and ctl group: R X O2

A

Soloman four group

36
Q

Tx group: O1 X O2

ctl group: O1 O2

A

Quasi-experimental

Nonequivalent control pretest/posttest

37
Q

Why are non-experimental studies useful?

A

Shows relationships or differences between groups

38
Q

What is the difference between a non-experimental descriptive and a non-experimental correlational design

A

Descriptive…means, modes, frequencies, etc

Correlational…looks at correlations…pearson r

NUR3300 (20 decks)

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