Q4: RES PROJ WEEK 2 and 3 Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT something you have to change in
paraphrasing?
A. words
B. sentence structure
C. order of ideas
D. none of the above
C
How are paraphrasing and summarizing different from one
another?
A. Both are reworded; however, a summary is a condensed
version of the original, while paraphrasing maintains the
source’s length.
B. Summary does not have to change sentence structure and
order of ideas while a paraphrase does.
C. Both are reworded; however, a paraphrase is a condensed
version of the original, while summarizing maintains the
source’s length.
D. A summary does not need to be cited while a paraphrase
does
A
Do not quote more than ____% of your paper?
A. 5
B. 12
C. 2
D. 10
D
Which of the following writing skills takes word for word information from a source and gives credit to the author?
A. notation
C. quotation
B. paraphrase
D. summary
C
What writing skills that takes the author’s ideas and write it in his
own words?
A. notation
C. quotation
B. paraphrase
D. summary
B
What writing skills that provides an overview of the main idea
and is shorter compared to the original text.
A. notation
C. quotation
B. paraphrase
D. summary
D
Which of the choices has the closest meaning of the sentence? It has been reported that the richest one percent of
Americans own 40% of the country’s wealth.
A. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.
B. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current rate, the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the country’s wealth.
C. 40% of the country’s wealth is in the hands of only 1% o Americans.
D. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.
C
Which of the choices has the closest meaning of the sentence?
Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problem is
important to write about.
A. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their
problems.
B. Martha feels that writing about adolescents’ problem is
worthwhile.
C. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to
write something important.
D. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their
problems.
B
A writing based on knowledge of a particular
subject area or topic to produce solutions basing on
the existing theories and postulates
Scientific Writing
Characteristics of Scientific Writing
- Clear – it avoids details that are not important.
- Simple – it uses direct language and avoids difficult to understand or complicated sentences
- Avoid technical terms or jargon - are only used when necessary for accuracy
- Neutral – it avoids using unproven statements and
making of assumptions. Conclusions must be
supported with evidence (the how, when
and where the data were collected). - Structured logically – ideas and processes are
presented in logical manner - Accurate – it uses exact language and avoid vague and
ambiguous terms such as about, approximately,
almost. - Objective – ideas and statements must be based on what has been observed supported by
evidences on how conclusion was drawn
basing on the collected data.
THREE WAYS TO ADD INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES TO
SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Quoting, Summarizing, Paraphrasing
These are verbatim words (exact words with no changes or
corrections). These are exact words of the author directly copied
from the sources set off with quotation marks
Quoting
This is used to support your argument.
Quoting
These are author’s thoughts or ideas but restated in a
researcher’s own words.In paraphrasing, do not just change
the words but change the structure of the sentence.The same
with quotations, it is introduced with signal phrases and ends
with a quotation
Paraphrasing
Steps in Paraphrasing
a. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
b. Set the original aside and write your paraphrase on a note card.
c. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this
material. At the top of the note card, write a
key word or phrase to indicate the subject of
your paraphrase.
d. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
e. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
f. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper
It a short and brief statements of the key ideas of the authors
into your own words. A summary provides an overview of the main
idea and is shorter compared to the original text. Same with quotation and paraphrase, it is introduced with signal
phrases and ends with citation.
Summarizing
How to summarize?
a. Record the author, title, year of publication and source of the
text.
b. Skim the text. Note any sub-headings, or try to divide the text into sections.
c. Read the text carefully. Use a dictionary if necessary and be prepared to read very difficult texts more than once.
d. Pay special attention to the first and last paragraphs.
e. Try to identify the main idea or argument.
f. Identify the topic sentence in each paragraph.
g. Identify the main support for the topic sentence.
h. Write the topic sentence of your summary. Include the
author’s name, the title of the text, the year of
publication and the author’s main idea or argument
Why should we use them? (3 Summa Para Quoting)
a. Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
b. Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
c. Give examples of several points of view on a subject
d. Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
e. Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
f. Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own
g. Expand the breadth or depth of your writing
T or F. I will quote when I need to add emphasis to an argument.
T
T or F. I will quote all the time to show that I have done my research thoroughly
F
T or F. Quotations should be used rarely and selectively.
T
T or F. I should quote to incorporate an idea that would lose its effectiveness if paraphrased or summarized
F
T or F.Paraphrasing is done if you want to change the organization of another author’s words or ideas for emphasis
T
T or F.I should paraphrase to change the original meaning of
another author’s words, ideas and thoughts
F
T or F. I should paraphrase to simplify and clarify the original
material.
T
T or F. should paraphrase to back up, support or prove my
ideas.
T
T or F.I should paraphrase to make it clear I understand the
author’s point of view
F
T or F.I should summarize when I want to change the meaning
of the original text.
F
T or F. I should summarize when I want to condense large
amount of information accurately into the smallest
number of words possible
T
T or F.I should summarize when I want to present the key
ideas of the original source briefly
T
refers to using ideas of others as your own without acknowledging the author
plagiarism
set of unwritten rules that will guide people in
conducting activities to maintain harmony and order.
morality
producing of data without actual gathering of data or experimentation or altering of data
Falsification of data
are moral principles or standards that guides
people in making decisions and resolving conflicting values.
Ethics
specifically interested in the analysis of ethical
issues that arise in conducting research when human beings or animals are involved as participants in research.
Research ethics
cause by using inappropriate measuring
equipment and treatment of the subject, invalid procedures being
followed and poor data recording.
Faulty data-gathering
procedures
refers to not recording of data if it will not answer the hypotheses.
Non-publication of data
refers to the letter informing the participants of
the risk and the benefits of the research that he will be involved.
Informed consent
important in reporting the results or findings of your investigation or research.
Honesty
Willingness to accept opinions, ideas,
comments and suggestions of others
Open minded
moral principles or standards that guides
people in making decisions and resolving conflicting
values.
ethics
set of unwritten rules that will guide people
in conducting activities to maintain harmony and order
Morality
specifically interested in the analysis of ethical issues that arise in conducting research when human beings or
animals are involved as participants in research.
research ethics
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH ETHICS
√ It avoids the researcher from committing mistakes in the process of conducting research.
√ It promotes essential values that help researchers on a topic
to have a common understanding of how things should go
about.
√ It binds together experts from different fields by considering
the important values such as accountability, cooperation,
mutual respect, and fairness among others
RESEARCH ETHICS RULES
- Be Honest
- Be Objective
- Be a Person of Integrity
- Be Caring
- Be Open
- Be Careful
- Be Trustworthy
- Be Responsible
important in reporting the results or findings of
your investigation or research
honesty
Report what have observed based on the facts or data
that you have gathered and avoid bias.
Be objective
Act with sincerity and should be able to keep your words
true.
Be a Person of Integrity
You should be after of the welfare and benefits of the subjects especially when dealing with human or animals.
Be Caring
Willing to accept opinions, ideas, comments and
suggestions of others.
Be Open
Treat your colleagues fairly and acknowledge the works of others.
Be Careful
The data or information gathered from the research or investigation should be kept confidential unless
there is a need to be divulged in public.
Be Trustworthy
In conducting studies, consider the rules and
regulation of the different institutions. Be of help in publishing research that aims to advance knowledge and promote social welfare.
Be Responsible
3Rs ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN ANIMAL RESEARCH
Reduce
Refine
Replace
(Principle) In sampling in biomedical or animal research, it is much appreciated if we will use the least number
of possible participants in a research study.
Reduce
(Principle) Procedures done in animal research must minimize the pain and suffering of the animal participants.
Refine
(Principle) Researchers should opt for its replacements if there is a possibility that animals can replaced by
other non-biological subjects
Replace
RIGHTS OF HUMAN RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
- Rights to Voluntary Participation
b. Right to Informed Consent
c. Right to be Protected from Harm
d. Right to Confidentiality
e. Right to Anonymity
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
a. Fabrication or Falsification of Data
b. Non-publication of Data
c. Faulty Data-gathering Procedures
d. Plagiarism
(Right) All participants should participate in a research out of his
free will and he can back out from the research if wants
to.
Rights to Voluntary Participation
(Right) All participant should be informed of the risk and the benefits of the research that he will be involved.
Right to Informed Consent
(Right) Researchers should protect the participants from any form of harm
Right to be Protected from Harm
(Right) All information taken from the participants should be kept confidential.
Right to Confidentiality
Participants may choose not to disclose his identity to anyone including the researchers.
Right to Anonymity
Data is produced without actual gathering of data or experimentation or altering of data.
Fabrication or Falsification of Data
Data is not recorded if it will not answer the hypotheses which is opposite to the first scientific misconduct.
. Non-publication of Data
This is cause by using inappropriate measuring equipment
and treatment of the subject, invalid procedures being
followed and poor data recording.
Faulty Data-gathering Procedures
This refers to using ideas of others as your own without acknowledging the author.
Plagiarism
T or F. Once the participants have committed to be part of the research, he/she can no longer back out
F
T or F. You are plagiarizing if acknowledge the author of the source you use in your research
False
T or F. Procedures done in animal research must minimize the pain
and suffering of the animal participants
T
T or F. In using human as subject for research, you should protect
them from any forms of harm.
T
t or F. Research can be done without the actual gathering of
data.
F
T or F. All the information taken from the participants should be
kept confidential
T
T or F. Informed consent means telling the participant who you are
as a researcher and what you are studying.
F
T or F.Researchers should opt for its replacements if there is a possibility that animals can replaced by other non-biological
subjects.
T
T or F. In conducting studies, consider the rules and regulation of the different institutions.
T
T or F. In conducting research, you must consider what you feel about the study.
F
Ethics is defined as:
A. Moral standards that guides people in making
decisions and resolving conflicting values
B. The basis of criminal codes
C. It is a list of right and wrong
D. None of the above
A
The following statements are importance of research ethics
EXCEPT:
A. Avoids the researcher in committing mistakes in the
process of research
B. Promotes essential values that help researchers on a
topic to have a common understanding
C. It binds together experts from different fields of expertise
D. none of these
D
Your research involves studying small children. Which is the most ethical way to proceed?
A. ask the parents
B. ask the children
C. ask both the parents and the children
D. assume that the children are happy to participate
C
The goal of ethics in research include _________.
A. ensuring that people participate voluntarily
B. making people’s comments and behavior
confidential
C. protect people from harm
D. all of these
D
Once your research participant has given their consent,
this holds throughout the research and they are not allowed to
withdraw.
A. always true
C. sometimes true
B. always false
D. sometimes false
B
