Punishment Flashcards
What are the aims of punishment
Incapacitate
Retribution
Deter
Rehabilitate
What does incapacitate mean
Stop them offending
What dies retribution mean
Short sharp shock
Lock criminals up make it unbearable
Feminists: prison harder females as male model punishment
Evaluation if retribution
Isnt lack of freedom enough
What does deter mean
Functionalists: reinforce collective conscience
Punishment so harsh puts people off committing crimes
Evaluation of deterrence
Crime rates havent dropped still high rates imprisonment
What does Rehabilitate mean
Recidivism = recommitting crime rates high 79% reoffend within 2 years
Matthews: prisons best ‘warehouses’ worst ‘universities crime’
What is the changing model of punishment focus up to 19th century
To punish
What are the changing models of punishment up to 19th century
Durkheims retributive system
Foucault sovereign power
Disintegrative shaming
Marxist
What is Durkheims retributive system
Pre industrial: retributive = eye for an eye, more severe and expressive. Modern: restitution = repair damage through compensation
Evaluation of Durkheims retributive system
Still restitutive in pre industrial = gangs settled blood feuds with money
What is Foucaults sovereign of power
Punishment against body. Sovereign right to your body e.g disfiguring, branding, amputations
Move to disciplinary power (talk later on)
What is disintegrative shaming
Punishment public, based humiliation e.g public stock
What is an evaluation of disintegrative shaming
Humiliation make crime worse (DeHaan and Triplett)
What is Marxist view of changing models punishment up to 19th century
Punishment control w.c. - RSA
Form power represents economic base. EP Thompson: 18th century rule terror over w.c executed or transported colonies. Imprisonment reflected capitalist factories. Capitalists pay workers = workers pay time
Evaluation of marxist view of changing models punishment
Crime and punishment still persists non-capitalist countries e.g Japan
Overall evaluation of changing models of punishment up to 19th century
Labelling social construct, decided members society in collective judgement. Profiles specific groups e.g ethnic minorities
Look for typifications
What is the focus of changing models of punishment 19th century onwards
Reform and control
What makes up the changing models of punishment 19th century onwards = reform and control?
Foucault: great transformation
Cohen: 2nd great transformation
Actuarial Justice
New technologies of power
What is Foucaults great transformation in changing models of punishment 19th century onwards
Sovereign to disciplinary power. Disciplined thing someone is always watching us - surveillance. Get paranoid = self surveillance
Ultimate aim rehabilitation
What study supports Foucaults great transformation
Prison Panopticon
Outline Prison Panopticon study
Prison built so guards can see prisoners but prisoners cannot see guards created self surveillance
Evaluation of Foucaults Great transformation
People can challenge control
Several countries still use capital punishment
Outline Cohens 2nd great transformation
Similar Foucaults talk of Carceral Archipelgos (islands control)
Surveillance and control passed teachers/social workers. Although seen liberating widening boundaries state control
What the the 4 unique points of Cohens 2nd Great Transformation
Widening the net: tagging
Thinning the mesh: sending for treatment
Blurring: deviant and non deviant
Penetration: surveillance does deeper
Who’s work does Cohens 2nd Great Transformation build off of
Foucaults Carceral Archipelgos (islands of control)
What is Actuarial Justice
Social sorting
What is an example of Actuarial Justice
West Midlands 2010 going to put up 150 cameras in Muslim areas
What are new technologies of power
Different Foulcault
Looks groups not individuals
Aims preventing crime not rehabilitation
Tries reduce risk of crime
What are the changing models of punishment in todays society
Penal Popularism Penal Welfarism Transcarceration New forms Restorative Justice
What is penal popularism
Sending people to prison/harsh punishments to win votes
Politicians claim to be tough on crime
UK imprisons more people than anywhere else
What is penal welfarism
Garland: prisons used as part of war on drugs
Drugs so widespread limitless supply inmates
What are American statistics todays society on prisons
70’s no. state prisons risen 1.5 million, 700,000 in local prisons and 5 million under supervision of some type – 3% adult population
Criticism of penal welfarism
Downes: American penal system soaks up 30-40% of unemployed men makes Capitalism look more successful!
What is transcarceration
Individs locked in cycle control, shifting between Carceral agencies: brought up in care, sent young offenders, adult prison, mental hospital
blurring between CJS and welfare agencies
What are new forms punishment
ASBOS
Parenting contract and orders
Curfews
Dispersal orders
What evidence do Thames Valley Police have to support community service
14% less likely reoffend
Evaluation of ASBOS
May be seen as a badge of honour - does not tackle the cause
Increases power of state to decide what is ‘anti social behaviour’
What is restorative justice
Re-integrative shaming, get all parties involved make them see damage they have caused and give them sense responsibility
What is an example of restorative justice
VOMS
Victim Offender Mediation
Who’s work did restorative justice base on
Braithwaite
Who looks in to control theory of punishment
Hirschi
Who is Hirschi influenced by
New Left and New Right Realists
What doe Hirschi explain
Why most do not break the law.
Most likely to break when societal bonds weak
Strong bonds prevent us offending
What are the 4 types of attachment Hirschi identifies
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
What is Hirschis attachment stage mean
Do we care about the opinion of others
What does Hirschis commitment stage mean
How much have you got invested in current life
What does Hirschis involvement stage mean
Are we too busy to be deviant
What does Hirschis belief stage mean
What extent do we buy in to societies values
What is an example of corporations that are seen to have Cohens penetration
Conformity and control now viewed responsibility range of organisations – football matches, Disney
Evaluation of Hirschis control theory
Agnew says it is weak bonds that lead to crime but after crimes the bounds weaken
What are the types of crime prevention
Social and Community
Environmental
Situational
What is social and community crime prevention
both offender and victims of crimes worry people most are found most disadvantaged communities – highest marginality and social exclusion. Emphasise need tackle material cultural exclusion:- early intervention identify those at risk and put a stop
- Improve community facilities - leisure, housing, job opportunities
Example of social and community crime prevention
Sure start
Consensual policing
Who researched in to social and community crime prevention
Farrington and Farrington
What did Farringtons research in to social and commubity crime prevention
Longitudinal comparing backgrounds young male offenders and those no record
What were the risk factors Farringtons identified
low income, poor housing, high degree impulsiveness, hyperactivity, low school attainment, poor parental supervision, harsh and erratic discipline, parental conflict and LPF
What are the preventions Farringtons see as suitable
Skills training
Parental education
Pre school programmes
What is an example of a pre school programme
Perry pre school project
What is the perry pre school project
Michigan 2 groups African American children disadvantaged backgrounds. 1 group = pre school educational support incl. weekly support visits
By 27 had 1/2 arrests control group
Every $1 spent project $17 saved prisons/welfare
What is an example of involving community in social and community crime prevention
Boston Gun Initiative
Offered services entice gang members away from crime
What is an evaluation point Social and Community Crime prevention
Too soft - ignores how most lower class do not commit crimes Deflects attention from practical prevention like tighter social control
What is environmental crime prevention
New Right: Wilson and Kelling. Broken Window act on 1st sign physical deterioration. Clamp down minor infringements or community will ‘tip’. Act immediately any signs deterioration zero tolerance policing strategy
What is the broken window theory
High levels crime = loss formal and informal social control over minor acts. Preventing low level acts prevents escalation
Whos research supports broken window theory
Zimbardo
What was zimbardos research
Left car in NY several days was not damaged
Once researcher purposely damaged more individuals joined in
What is zero tolerance
Nip offending in the bud e.g ASBOS, curfews, bans
What is an evaluation of zero tolerance
What is targeted as anti social behav depends on local crime and perceptions
What is the 3 strikes rule
Used some US states
Allows lengthy imprisonment offenders commit 3 serious offences
Idea incapacitate
Evaluation of environmental crime prevention
Not enough police patrol areas to make direct impact - unaffordable employ many more
Cohen; crime declined because unemployment dropped, cocaine turf wars settled and lots of the young men were already dead!
What is situational crime prevention
Rational choice theory
Opportunistic
Target hardening
What is rational choice theory of situational crime prevention
Clarke: individuals weigh up cost and benefit more likely commit if accessible e.g. Leaving car window open
What is opportunistic situational crime prevention
Crime tends occur when likely offender and likely target come together at particular time and place where no capable guardian
What is target hardening situational crime prevention
Increase risk being caught e.g. CCTV, capable guardians, street lighting
More than 1 million CCTV cameras in UK
What is an example of situational crime prevention
Felson and Cohen New York Port Authority Bus Station
What is Felson and Cohens New York Port Authority Bus Station
Design out crime e.g smaller sinks, replaced ceiling so not removable, arm rests in benches, better lighting and toilet attendants
Evaluation situational crime prevention
Displacement - doesnt stop just moves it
Gill and Loveday - CCTV ideological role, make believe being watched
Assumes crime rational - PM argue it is impulsive and spontaneous
