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Sociology Crime And Deviance > Punishment > Flashcards

Punishment Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the aims of punishment

A

Incapacitate
Retribution
Deter
Rehabilitate

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2
Q

What does incapacitate mean

A

Stop them offending

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3
Q

What dies retribution mean

A

Short sharp shock
Lock criminals up make it unbearable
Feminists: prison harder females as male model punishment

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4
Q

Evaluation if retribution

A

Isnt lack of freedom enough

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5
Q

What does deter mean

A

Functionalists: reinforce collective conscience

Punishment so harsh puts people off committing crimes

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6
Q

Evaluation of deterrence

A

Crime rates havent dropped still high rates imprisonment

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7
Q

What does Rehabilitate mean

A

Recidivism = recommitting crime rates high 79% reoffend within 2 years
Matthews: prisons best ‘warehouses’ worst ‘universities crime’

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8
Q

What is the changing model of punishment focus up to 19th century

A

To punish

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9
Q

What are the changing models of punishment up to 19th century

A

Durkheims retributive system
Foucault sovereign power
Disintegrative shaming
Marxist

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10
Q

What is Durkheims retributive system

A

Pre industrial: retributive = eye for an eye, more severe and expressive. Modern: restitution = repair damage through compensation

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11
Q

Evaluation of Durkheims retributive system

A

Still restitutive in pre industrial = gangs settled blood feuds with money

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12
Q

What is Foucaults sovereign of power

A

Punishment against body. Sovereign right to your body e.g disfiguring, branding, amputations
Move to disciplinary power (talk later on)

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13
Q

What is disintegrative shaming

A

Punishment public, based humiliation e.g public stock

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14
Q

What is an evaluation of disintegrative shaming

A

Humiliation make crime worse (DeHaan and Triplett)

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15
Q

What is Marxist view of changing models punishment up to 19th century

A

Punishment control w.c. - RSA
Form power represents economic base. EP Thompson: 18th century rule terror over w.c executed or transported colonies. Imprisonment reflected capitalist factories. Capitalists pay workers = workers pay time

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16
Q

Evaluation of marxist view of changing models punishment

A

Crime and punishment still persists non-capitalist countries e.g Japan

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17
Q

Overall evaluation of changing models of punishment up to 19th century

A

Labelling social construct, decided members society in collective judgement. Profiles specific groups e.g ethnic minorities
Look for typifications

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18
Q

What is the focus of changing models of punishment 19th century onwards

A

Reform and control

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19
Q

What makes up the changing models of punishment 19th century onwards = reform and control?

A

Foucault: great transformation
Cohen: 2nd great transformation
Actuarial Justice
New technologies of power

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20
Q

What is Foucaults great transformation in changing models of punishment 19th century onwards

A

Sovereign to disciplinary power. Disciplined thing someone is always watching us - surveillance. Get paranoid = self surveillance
Ultimate aim rehabilitation

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21
Q

What study supports Foucaults great transformation

A

Prison Panopticon

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22
Q

Outline Prison Panopticon study

A

Prison built so guards can see prisoners but prisoners cannot see guards created self surveillance

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23
Q

Evaluation of Foucaults Great transformation

A

People can challenge control

Several countries still use capital punishment

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24
Q

Outline Cohens 2nd great transformation

A

Similar Foucaults talk of Carceral Archipelgos (islands control)
Surveillance and control passed teachers/social workers. Although seen liberating widening boundaries state control

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25
Q

What the the 4 unique points of Cohens 2nd Great Transformation

A

Widening the net: tagging
Thinning the mesh: sending for treatment
Blurring: deviant and non deviant
Penetration: surveillance does deeper

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26
Q

Who’s work does Cohens 2nd Great Transformation build off of

A

Foucaults Carceral Archipelgos (islands of control)

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27
Q

What is Actuarial Justice

A

Social sorting

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28
Q

What is an example of Actuarial Justice

A

West Midlands 2010 going to put up 150 cameras in Muslim areas

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29
Q

What are new technologies of power

A

Different Foulcault
Looks groups not individuals
Aims preventing crime not rehabilitation
Tries reduce risk of crime

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30
Q

What are the changing models of punishment in todays society

A 
Penal Popularism
Penal Welfarism 
Transcarceration 
New forms
Restorative Justice
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31
Q

What is penal popularism

A

Sending people to prison/harsh punishments to win votes
Politicians claim to be tough on crime
UK imprisons more people than anywhere else

32
Q

What is penal welfarism

A

Garland: prisons used as part of war on drugs

Drugs so widespread limitless supply inmates

33
Q

What are American statistics todays society on prisons

A

70’s no. state prisons risen 1.5 million, 700,000 in local prisons and 5 million under supervision of some type – 3% adult population

34
Q

Criticism of penal welfarism

A

Downes: American penal system soaks up 30-40% of unemployed men makes Capitalism look more successful!

35
Q

What is transcarceration

A

Individs locked in cycle control, shifting between Carceral agencies: brought up in care, sent young offenders, adult prison, mental hospital
blurring between CJS and welfare agencies

36
Q

What are new forms punishment

A

ASBOS
Parenting contract and orders
Curfews
Dispersal orders

37
Q

What evidence do Thames Valley Police have to support community service

A

14% less likely reoffend

38
Q

Evaluation of ASBOS

A

May be seen as a badge of honour - does not tackle the cause
Increases power of state to decide what is ‘anti social behaviour’

39
Q

What is restorative justice

A

Re-integrative shaming, get all parties involved make them see damage they have caused and give them sense responsibility

40
Q

What is an example of restorative justice

A

VOMS

Victim Offender Mediation

41
Q

Who’s work did restorative justice base on

A

Braithwaite

42
Q

Who looks in to control theory of punishment

A

Hirschi

43
Q

Who is Hirschi influenced by

A

New Left and New Right Realists

44
Q

What doe Hirschi explain

A

Why most do not break the law.
Most likely to break when societal bonds weak
Strong bonds prevent us offending

45
Q

What are the 4 types of attachment Hirschi identifies

A

Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

46
Q

What is Hirschis attachment stage mean

A

Do we care about the opinion of others

47
Q

What does Hirschis commitment stage mean

A

How much have you got invested in current life

48
Q

What does Hirschis involvement stage mean

A

Are we too busy to be deviant

49
Q

What does Hirschis belief stage mean

A

What extent do we buy in to societies values

50
Q

What is an example of corporations that are seen to have Cohens penetration

A

Conformity and control now viewed responsibility range of organisations – football matches, Disney

51
Q

Evaluation of Hirschis control theory

A

Agnew says it is weak bonds that lead to crime but after crimes the bounds weaken

52
Q

What are the types of crime prevention

A

Social and Community
Environmental
Situational

53
Q

What is social and community crime prevention

A

both offender and victims of crimes worry people most are found most disadvantaged communities – highest marginality and social exclusion. Emphasise need tackle material cultural exclusion:- early intervention identify those at risk and put a stop
- Improve community facilities - leisure, housing, job opportunities

54
Q

Example of social and community crime prevention

A

Sure start

Consensual policing

55
Q

Who researched in to social and community crime prevention

A

Farrington and Farrington

56
Q

What did Farringtons research in to social and commubity crime prevention

A

Longitudinal comparing backgrounds young male offenders and those no record

57
Q

What were the risk factors Farringtons identified

A

low income, poor housing, high degree impulsiveness, hyperactivity, low school attainment, poor parental supervision, harsh and erratic discipline, parental conflict and LPF

58
Q

What are the preventions Farringtons see as suitable

A

Skills training
Parental education
Pre school programmes

59
Q

What is an example of a pre school programme

A

Perry pre school project

60
Q

What is the perry pre school project

A

Michigan 2 groups African American children disadvantaged backgrounds. 1 group = pre school educational support incl. weekly support visits
By 27 had 1/2 arrests control group
Every $1 spent project $17 saved prisons/welfare

61
Q

What is an example of involving community in social and community crime prevention

A

Boston Gun Initiative

Offered services entice gang members away from crime

62
Q

What is an evaluation point Social and Community Crime prevention

A 
Too soft - ignores how most lower class do not commit crimes 
Deflects attention from practical prevention like tighter social control
63
Q

What is environmental crime prevention

A

New Right: Wilson and Kelling. Broken Window act on 1st sign physical deterioration. Clamp down minor infringements or community will ‘tip’. Act immediately any signs deterioration zero tolerance policing strategy

64
Q

What is the broken window theory

A

High levels crime = loss formal and informal social control over minor acts. Preventing low level acts prevents escalation

65
Q

Whos research supports broken window theory

A

Zimbardo

66
Q

What was zimbardos research

A

Left car in NY several days was not damaged

Once researcher purposely damaged more individuals joined in

67
Q

What is zero tolerance

A

Nip offending in the bud e.g ASBOS, curfews, bans

68
Q

What is an evaluation of zero tolerance

A

What is targeted as anti social behav depends on local crime and perceptions

69
Q

What is the 3 strikes rule

A

Used some US states
Allows lengthy imprisonment offenders commit 3 serious offences
Idea incapacitate

70
Q

Evaluation of environmental crime prevention

A

Not enough police patrol areas to make direct impact - unaffordable employ many more
Cohen; crime declined because unemployment dropped, cocaine turf wars settled and lots of the young men were already dead!

71
Q

What is situational crime prevention

A

Rational choice theory
Opportunistic
Target hardening

72
Q

What is rational choice theory of situational crime prevention

A

Clarke: individuals weigh up cost and benefit more likely commit if accessible e.g. Leaving car window open

73
Q

What is opportunistic situational crime prevention

A

Crime tends occur when likely offender and likely target come together at particular time and place where no capable guardian

74
Q

What is target hardening situational crime prevention

A

Increase risk being caught e.g. CCTV, capable guardians, street lighting
More than 1 million CCTV cameras in UK

75
Q

What is an example of situational crime prevention

A

Felson and Cohen New York Port Authority Bus Station

76
Q

What is Felson and Cohens New York Port Authority Bus Station

A

Design out crime e.g smaller sinks, replaced ceiling so not removable, arm rests in benches, better lighting and toilet attendants

77
Q

Evaluation situational crime prevention

A

Displacement - doesnt stop just moves it
Gill and Loveday - CCTV ideological role, make believe being watched
Assumes crime rational - PM argue it is impulsive and spontaneous

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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