Globalisation Flashcards
What is definition globalisation
Process whereby events, decisions and activities in 1 part world have significant consequences quite distant parts globe
What is Held and McGrews definition
Widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide connectedness - barrier between countries disappears
How much globalisation crime going on
Castell: 1 trillion per annum
UN 1999: resulted massive growth: dealing illicit drugs, illegal trafficking in weapons/humans, corruption, violent crimes - including terrorism
Offers massive opportunity for new crimes and new ways conducting old crimes.
What does Karofi and Mwanza argue about amount globalisation
Offers massive opportunity for new crimes and new ways conducting old crimes.
What does globalisation lead increase in crime
- demand and supply
- old crimes made easier
- deregulation
- cyber crime
- becks global risk society
Main concepts demand and supply leading more crime
Global 24/7 market More interconnected Demand rich north - taylor Ideology consumerism Legitimate trade increase in illegitimate Insatiable demand from West Money global market fuels conflicts Relative deprivation Cheap labour Demand body parts
How does global 24/7 market lead increased demand and supply
enhanced internet and connectivity and interconnected
What does taylor argue about demand and supply
Demand rich north supply poor impoverished south. Market has winners and losers
Winners: rich financial investors
Fuels inequality
How does ideology consumerism lead increased demand and supply
Spread via media, fuelling the market
Increases feelings relative deprivation
How does legitimate opportunities causing increase illegitimate opportunities link demand and supply
More legitimate trade more opp illegitimate
Very small % containers checked
Benefits outweigh risks
How does insatiable demand from West link demand and supply
Encourages more production poorer countries
20% Colombian pop gain livelihood from cocaine production
How does money made from global markets causing conflict link demand and supply
Between drug gangs
Micha Glenny: 6000 Mexicans lose lives each year due drugs gangs conflict
How does relative deprivation link demand and supply
Push factor emigrate to west
Glob risk consciousness border control got tighter
Encourage turn human trafficking
Many illegal immigrants in dept to smugglers leading virtual slavery
Women forced prostitution
How does cheap labour link demand and supply
Exploited and encourages legitimate employers break law
Supply cheap labour in East
How does demand of body parts link to demand and supply
For transplants
Highly profitable illegal trades
Managed transnational organised criminal networks
Many East willing give up an organ for quick money
How does old crimes made easier link increased globalised crime
- smuggling
- money laundering
- gangs glocal/mcmafia
How does smuggling link to old crimes made easier
Blood diamonds smuggled war zones money sales fuels rebel conflicts
Stolen from country wealth denied local people
Big interest diamond companies
Export cheaper
Global connections
Illegal since 1977
What is money laundering
Making money illegally but making look like came from legitimate sources
How has money laundering made old crimes easier
Money illegally looks like legitimate sources
Financial deregulation
Banking secrecy
Modern technology
Money shifted multiple accounts onshore and offshore quickly and easily
Offshore hard to track
Multi jurisdictional risk detection small
What does glocal stand for
Local gangs
How does glocal make old crimes easier
Local gangers international connections
Internet cheaper travel
What does Hobbs and Dunningham say about glocal and old crimes made easier
Provides market local goods
New type global gangs with local ‘hub’
Fluid and willing work and locate anywhere
How does McMafia make old crimes easier
Glenny
Transnational organised crime mirrors activities transnational corporations
Like mcdonalds
Who researched in to McMafia
Micha Glenny
Example of McMafia making old crimes easier
South:
Sicilian mafia disposing of hazardous waste Bay Naples only 10% disposed of legally
Who argues deregulation led increase crime
Marxist - Taylor
How has globalisation led increase deregulation
Access global market consumers and workers
Political changes encouraged deregulation markets
Loss of rules
Allows multi-national corporations move labour and work sites country to country
Search profitability
What are employers in search of in deregulation
Free market
What does free market mean in deregulation
Shift production cheaper countries
Example of where there is a free market relation deregulation
Bangladesh
Lower taxes, wages and more lenient h&s laws
Increasing profit save more money
What is the impact of deregulation on local community
Outsourcing causes job insecurity
Fear unemployment
Face fewer opportunities
Turn alternate economies - illegitimate
What is impact of deregulation on government and social policy
Less money from businesses in taxes
Gov cut back spending public services and welfare
How does deregulation lead less social cohesion
Relative deprivation
Bauman: more individualised o
Why does Taylor argue deregulation causes relative deprivation
Job insecurity
Individuals without economic satisfaction
Turn crime for these needs
Better opportunities alternate economies
What does Winlows study support
Deregulation
What is winlows study
Unemployed men go gym body capital & hegemonic masculinity
Work in nocturnal economy
E.g. Bouncer
Opens increased opportunity involved in crime
What is deregulation of financial market
Banks less closely monitored
Increase money laundering
Money illegal but looks like from legitimate source
Money shifted multiple accounts
Onshore and offshore
Offshore hard track
Multi jurisdictional - small risk detection
Who researches in to financial deregulation
Rothe and Friedrichs
2015
What do Rothe and Friedrich look in to
Financial deregulation
Look role international financial organisations e.g. IMF and world bank
World bank dominated Germany Britain France USA Japan
Over 1/3 voting rights
Why is the world bank being dominated by 5 countries an issue
Bias
What are the 5 dominating countries in world bank
France Germany Britain USA Japan
What did Rothe find in 2008 in relation to deregulation
Programme imposed Rwanda 80s causes mass unemployment and created economic basis for 1994 genocide
What country did Rothe look in to in 2008 as a result deregulation
Rwanda
Evaluation of deregulation
If these factors caused more pressure and opportunities does not explain why only some turn to crime
What is key feature of cyber crime
Development world wide web and internet communication
Estimated 1/2 worlds population online
What does Jewkes argue in relation to cyber crime
Internet crime creates opportunities make old crimes easier to commit
Provides tools for new ones
Who argued cyber crime creates opportunities make old crimes easier commit and also provide tools for new crimes
Jewkes
Why is the internet attractive
Easier
Quicker
Difficult detect - trace
Why does cyber crime make old crimes easier
Increased connectivity
Glocal gangs now have international connection quickly and easily
How much does Detica say cyber crime costs UK each year
27 billion
What statistics does the Home Office 2015 present on cyber crime
Online crime doubled
- 1 million incidences of online fraud
- 5 million other cyber crimes
How has cyber crime led increase terrorism
Via internet
9/11 terrorists used public access computers send messages recruitment and radicalisation
Who looked in to a global risk society
Beck
How does globalisation lead global risk society
Creates new insecurities
Produces new mentality of risk consciousness risk seen global
What are the insecurities global risk society produces
Migrants/Asylum seekers/Terrorists rise anxiety: tighter borders/control/surveillance
Encourage individuals turn human trafficking: illegal immigrants often in dept to smuggles - slavery and women forced prostitution
How does green crime lead to globalisation
Cheaper Global demand Easier communicate Trafficking Global risks
How does green crime being cheaper and globalisation link crime
Allows more dumping
Cheaper travel
Companies/states send toxic waste disposed of countries costs cheaper h&s more lax
May not be illegal but is it ethical???
How does global demand cause more crime
Encourages green crime
Deforestation
E.g. Amazon for logging
How does trafficking lead more crime relation green crime
Endangered species global market wider market potential consumers
How does Becks global risks in green crime lead globalisation increase crime
Manufactured risks of own doing
Harm environment and consequences humanity
Global warming - greenhouse gas emission from industry
Searching more and more profit take more and more risks
More opportunities for risks
What conclusions can be drawn
- Maybe exaggerated: dont know quantity for sure, lots existed before maybe now more aware
- Most agree it has grown: maybe nothing new just sheer volume
- Global connectedness can be good: solve crime
Example where barriers are falling between countries
Soviet union
Collapse Berlin wall
What are the different types of trafficking
- arms trafficking
- trafficking nuclear materials
- smuggling illegal immigrants
- trafficking women and children
- sex tourism
- trafficking body parts
- cultural artefacts and work of arts
- endangered species
- smuggling legal goods avoid tax
How many organs are estimated to be taken from Chinas condemned or executed prison population per year
2000
How many women are trafficked to western Europe annually
1/2 million
How much is the drugs trade estimated to be worth
$300-400 billion annually
How much is toxic waste disposal in America compared to 3rd world countries
Rosoff
USA $12,50000 a ton
3rd world $3 a ton
Why is drug trade so enticing
very low investment and is very lucrative
What is the estimated growth in drug gang members in LA as a result deregulation
Los Angeles de-regulation has led to growth of up to 10,000 drug gang members
Outline an example of a blood diamonds feud
Diamonds mined Africa by outlaws sold onto the world market by African Warlords to buy arms for machete wielding rebel groups who slaughtered innocent people during civil wars
Why are the McMafia called McMafia
Glenny picks up on the idea of McDonalds as a global brand mixed with the Mafia.
Why did the rich have to hire mafia members
often ex-KGB contacts and criminals to protect their wealth and facilitate their acceptance into Western markets
