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Sociology Crime And Deviance > Ethnicity > Flashcards

Ethnicity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pattern of ethnic crime

A

1972 house of commons: asian and chinese lower, whites moderate
Self report: offending crime and justice survey 2005 whites and mixed race most likely offend and be involved in drugs - blacks most searched

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2
Q

What do Sharp and Budd find pattern ethnic crime

A

Class A drugs higher white individuals

Drugs in general highest users mixed race, blacks and whites same

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3
Q

What does self report study

Offending Crime and Justice Survey 2005 tell us pattern of crime

A

White and mixed race most likely offend
White 42%, Mixed, 39%, Blacks 28% Asian 21%
Whites and mixed race most likely involved drugs - blacks most searched

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4
Q

What is pattern of arrest

A

More likely sent trial than cautioned
Black youths more likely filtered in less likely filtered out criminal justice system
Harsher sentences
Less likely receive preferential treatment

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5
Q

What did Norris 1992 find pattern of arrest

A

Ethnic minorities 6x more likely be stopped and searched

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6
Q

What did Smith and Gray say pattern of arrest

A

Black individuals more likely to be arrested

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7
Q

How are black individuals disproportionately represented in prisons

A

Only 2% population

15% prison population

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8
Q

Why are there ethnic differences

A

Racism
Treat official statistics with precaution
Maybe figures are accurate

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9
Q

Why do radical criminologists argue ethnic differences due to racism

A

Myth of black criminality

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10
Q

Who is radical criminologist spoke of black criminality

A

Gilroy

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11
Q

What is myth of black criminality

A

Racial stereotypes. Police and CJS act on stereotypes, ethnics more criminalised. Ethnic: political resistance racist society roots in earlier struggles. Police labelling - SFP.
Anti-imperialist struggles taught how resist oppression.

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12
Q

Evaluation myth of black criminality

A

Is it police racism or political resistance??
Lea and Young: 1st generation immigrants 50s/60s very law abiding
Most crime intra-ethnic

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13
Q

Why does Cicourell argue police are racist

A

Typifications

‘Typical delinquent’

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14
Q

What are typifications

A

Officers stereotype typical delinquent
Patrolling w.c. areas more intensively
Leading more arrests confirming stereotype

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15
Q

How do typifications show justice is negotiable

A

When m.c youths arrested less likely be charged as did not fit ‘stereotype’ parents more likely negotiate successfully

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16
Q

What theorist is Hall

A

Neo marx

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17
Q

Why does Hall argue society is racist

A

Policing the crisis

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18
Q

What is policing the crisis

A

Crisis hegemony
Scapegoating black individuals as muggers
Served to divide w.c weakening opposition to capitalism
Police labelling - SFP. Blacks became marginalised leading more crime

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19
Q

Example of policing the crisis

A

E.g 70s high inflation, rising unemployment, opposition capitalism grows. Media created moral panic. Although evidence no increase mugging media highlighted it as increased black crime. Scapegoat from true cause problems - capitalism and unemployment

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20
Q

Evaluation of policing the crisis

A

No evidence public actually panicking
NLR panic is realistic
Inconsistent - black crime rising or not?

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21
Q

What does Reiner argue for why racism led increase black crime

A

Canteen culture

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22
Q

What is canteen culture

A

Police distinctive work value result their job. Pressures: isolation, danger, hostility. Develop culture to help deal: characteristics: thirst action, racism, conservatism, macho values

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23
Q

Why does Holdaway argue police are racist

A

He was a serving police officer demonstrated racist views amongst police. Stop and search ethnic minorities greater extent
Afro-Caribbean 6x more likely than whites

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24
Q

What case does the MacPherson report follow

A

Stephen Lawrence

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25
Q

Why does McPherson report argue police racist

A

Followed case Stephen Lawrence concluded Metropolitan police institutionally racist police procedures practices and culture disadvantage non-whites
Not necessarily intentional or reflect officers personal values

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26
Q

What does 2008 Metropolitan Black Police Association say support MacPherson report

A

Warned ethnic minorities not to join police as perceive hostile and racist atmosphere in London police force

27
Q

What evidence is there to support police/society racist

A
  • Holdaway
  • MacPherson Report
  • Hall moral panics
  • Gilroy myth of black criminality
  • Reiner canteen culture
  • Cicourell typifications
28
Q

Why does Morris argue we should treat official statistics with precaution

A

Statistics simply due age structure. Most crime OCS young people and ethnic minorities higher proportion of younger generation

29
Q

Evaluation of Morris and treating official statistics with precaution

A

If this was true Asians be over represented as majority asians under 30 years old

30
Q

Why doe Waddington 2004 argue to treat official statistics with precaution

A

Stop higher % ethnic minorities not due to racism. Police target anyone in high crime areas e.g city centre: more young ethnic minority men out at night city centres

31
Q

Evaluation of Waddington 2004

A

Indirect racism - more black individuals excluded, unemployed and marginalised so hang in city centre - police officers know this

32
Q

What does Fitzgerald argue to treat official statistics with precaution

A

Where there are patterns of single parents school failure and alienation crime rates similar whether white or black

33
Q

Evaluation of Fitzgerald

A

How do you operationalise and measure alienation

34
Q

Why are there issues with statistics on setencing

A

Black+Asians less likely be cautioned as more likely deny offence and exercise right legal aid. Cant be cautioned/let off unless plead guilty.

35
Q

Why might ethnic minorities be more inclined request to be heard at Crown Court

A

In front of a jury

Even though harsher sentences mistrust of magistrates impartiality

36
Q

Why does the CPS provide evidence to treat official statistics with precaution

A

CPS more likely drop charges against Black and Asian suspects - implying police harsher and less convincing evidence

37
Q

Why are the arguments to suggest treating official statistics with precaution

A

Morris - age structure
Waddington - target high crime areas
Fitzgerald - similar white and blacks areas of alienation
Issues statistics on sentencing
CPS - more likely drop charges Black and Asian suspects

38
Q

Why is it argued crimes may be accurate

A

92% crimes reported to police

Blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery

39
Q

What is a criticism of 92% crimes being reported to police

A

Bowling and Phillips

Warned victims influenced by racial stereotypes

40
Q

What is a criticism of suggesting blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery

A

Bowling and Phillips

Negative response to police labelling and SFP

41
Q

Why do NLR support figures being accurate

A

Mix subculture, strain theory and marx framework. Marginalisation: frustrated and limited power. Relative deprivation: undermined social and economic factors. Formation delinquent subcultures: more likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility

42
Q

What are 3 main concepts of NLR supporting official statistics

A

Marginalisation
Relative deprivation
Formation of delinquent subcultures

43
Q

How does marginalisation support statistics being accurate

A

Feel frustrated, hostile, limited power change situation

44
Q

What study supports marginalisation

A

El Barrio

45
Q

What happens in the study of El Barrio

A

Bourgeois research in to NY found an alternative economy opportunities to drugs trade

46
Q

How does relative deprivation support figures being accurate

A

Undermined social and economic factors

Deprived material factors

47
Q

What study supports relative deprivation

A

Nightingale

48
Q

What happens in the study of Nightingale

A

Black youths Philadelphia rejected conventional means acquiring wealth and possessions and turned illegal illegitimate means
Culturally and structurally excluded

49
Q

How does formation of delinquent subcultures support figures being accurate

A

More likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility

50
Q

What is an evaluation NLR view

A

Does not explain why not all blacks commit crime

51
Q

Why does New Right view support figures as accurate

A

Murray: higher % SPF in black communities. Lack father cause boys become hyper masculine and reject femininity

52
Q

What is the New Right view criticised

A

What about crime from 2 parent families

53
Q

What other theorists support New Right view that socialisation cause higher crime rates

A

Feminists

Functionalists

54
Q

What is Sewells theory to support official statistics as correct

A

Triple quandary theory

55
Q

Why ethnic group is Sewells triple quandary theory concerned with

A

Afro-Caribbean boys

56
Q

What is Sewells triple quandary theory

A

3 risk factors responsible high levels crime

  • feel cant relate mainstream culture
  • influenced media
  • lack male role model
57
Q

Why does afro-Caribbean boys feeling they cant relate mainstream culture support statistics

A

Due to racist teachers police employers etc

Feel marginalised

58
Q

How does being influenced by media support official statistics

A

Conspicuous consumption
Identity/status dependent material items e.g designer labels and jewellery, be seen through MTV and rap culture = commit crime achieve these material goods

59
Q

How does lack of male role model support official statistics

A

Leads hyper masculine behaviour
Rejection of over feminine family
Creates anxiety = drawn gangs gain respect

60
Q

What evidence is there to support Sewell

A

Lack educational success
2006 23% black boys gained 5 or more GCSES compared average 44%
60% blacks live SPF 20% whites

61
Q

What does Pitt support official statistics

A

Subcultures

62
Q

Why doe Pitts subcultures support official statistics

A

More likely commit if other likeminded individuals with same aspirations and hostility
Subcultural responses: street gangs, violence, drugs. Drawn gangs through violence threatened family

63
Q

How does Sewell support Pitt

A

Drawn in to subcultures in to school, more likely to be excluded, leading to marginalisation

64
Q

Why do Asians have traditionally low crime rates

A

High rates economic success and stronger family and community

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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