Ethnicity Flashcards
Pattern of ethnic crime
1972 house of commons: asian and chinese lower, whites moderate
Self report: offending crime and justice survey 2005 whites and mixed race most likely offend and be involved in drugs - blacks most searched
What do Sharp and Budd find pattern ethnic crime
Class A drugs higher white individuals
Drugs in general highest users mixed race, blacks and whites same
What does self report study
Offending Crime and Justice Survey 2005 tell us pattern of crime
White and mixed race most likely offend
White 42%, Mixed, 39%, Blacks 28% Asian 21%
Whites and mixed race most likely involved drugs - blacks most searched
What is pattern of arrest
More likely sent trial than cautioned
Black youths more likely filtered in less likely filtered out criminal justice system
Harsher sentences
Less likely receive preferential treatment
What did Norris 1992 find pattern of arrest
Ethnic minorities 6x more likely be stopped and searched
What did Smith and Gray say pattern of arrest
Black individuals more likely to be arrested
How are black individuals disproportionately represented in prisons
Only 2% population
15% prison population
Why are there ethnic differences
Racism
Treat official statistics with precaution
Maybe figures are accurate
Why do radical criminologists argue ethnic differences due to racism
Myth of black criminality
Who is radical criminologist spoke of black criminality
Gilroy
What is myth of black criminality
Racial stereotypes. Police and CJS act on stereotypes, ethnics more criminalised. Ethnic: political resistance racist society roots in earlier struggles. Police labelling - SFP.
Anti-imperialist struggles taught how resist oppression.
Evaluation myth of black criminality
Is it police racism or political resistance??
Lea and Young: 1st generation immigrants 50s/60s very law abiding
Most crime intra-ethnic
Why does Cicourell argue police are racist
Typifications
‘Typical delinquent’
What are typifications
Officers stereotype typical delinquent
Patrolling w.c. areas more intensively
Leading more arrests confirming stereotype
How do typifications show justice is negotiable
When m.c youths arrested less likely be charged as did not fit ‘stereotype’ parents more likely negotiate successfully
What theorist is Hall
Neo marx
Why does Hall argue society is racist
Policing the crisis
What is policing the crisis
Crisis hegemony
Scapegoating black individuals as muggers
Served to divide w.c weakening opposition to capitalism
Police labelling - SFP. Blacks became marginalised leading more crime
Example of policing the crisis
E.g 70s high inflation, rising unemployment, opposition capitalism grows. Media created moral panic. Although evidence no increase mugging media highlighted it as increased black crime. Scapegoat from true cause problems - capitalism and unemployment
Evaluation of policing the crisis
No evidence public actually panicking
NLR panic is realistic
Inconsistent - black crime rising or not?
What does Reiner argue for why racism led increase black crime
Canteen culture
What is canteen culture
Police distinctive work value result their job. Pressures: isolation, danger, hostility. Develop culture to help deal: characteristics: thirst action, racism, conservatism, macho values
Why does Holdaway argue police are racist
He was a serving police officer demonstrated racist views amongst police. Stop and search ethnic minorities greater extent
Afro-Caribbean 6x more likely than whites
What case does the MacPherson report follow
Stephen Lawrence
Why does McPherson report argue police racist
Followed case Stephen Lawrence concluded Metropolitan police institutionally racist police procedures practices and culture disadvantage non-whites
Not necessarily intentional or reflect officers personal values
What does 2008 Metropolitan Black Police Association say support MacPherson report
Warned ethnic minorities not to join police as perceive hostile and racist atmosphere in London police force
What evidence is there to support police/society racist
- Holdaway
- MacPherson Report
- Hall moral panics
- Gilroy myth of black criminality
- Reiner canteen culture
- Cicourell typifications
Why does Morris argue we should treat official statistics with precaution
Statistics simply due age structure. Most crime OCS young people and ethnic minorities higher proportion of younger generation
Evaluation of Morris and treating official statistics with precaution
If this was true Asians be over represented as majority asians under 30 years old
Why doe Waddington 2004 argue to treat official statistics with precaution
Stop higher % ethnic minorities not due to racism. Police target anyone in high crime areas e.g city centre: more young ethnic minority men out at night city centres
Evaluation of Waddington 2004
Indirect racism - more black individuals excluded, unemployed and marginalised so hang in city centre - police officers know this
What does Fitzgerald argue to treat official statistics with precaution
Where there are patterns of single parents school failure and alienation crime rates similar whether white or black
Evaluation of Fitzgerald
How do you operationalise and measure alienation
Why are there issues with statistics on setencing
Black+Asians less likely be cautioned as more likely deny offence and exercise right legal aid. Cant be cautioned/let off unless plead guilty.
Why might ethnic minorities be more inclined request to be heard at Crown Court
In front of a jury
Even though harsher sentences mistrust of magistrates impartiality
Why does the CPS provide evidence to treat official statistics with precaution
CPS more likely drop charges against Black and Asian suspects - implying police harsher and less convincing evidence
Why are the arguments to suggest treating official statistics with precaution
Morris - age structure
Waddington - target high crime areas
Fitzgerald - similar white and blacks areas of alienation
Issues statistics on sentencing
CPS - more likely drop charges Black and Asian suspects
Why is it argued crimes may be accurate
92% crimes reported to police
Blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery
What is a criticism of 92% crimes being reported to police
Bowling and Phillips
Warned victims influenced by racial stereotypes
What is a criticism of suggesting blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery
Bowling and Phillips
Negative response to police labelling and SFP
Why do NLR support figures being accurate
Mix subculture, strain theory and marx framework. Marginalisation: frustrated and limited power. Relative deprivation: undermined social and economic factors. Formation delinquent subcultures: more likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility
What are 3 main concepts of NLR supporting official statistics
Marginalisation
Relative deprivation
Formation of delinquent subcultures
How does marginalisation support statistics being accurate
Feel frustrated, hostile, limited power change situation
What study supports marginalisation
El Barrio
What happens in the study of El Barrio
Bourgeois research in to NY found an alternative economy opportunities to drugs trade
How does relative deprivation support figures being accurate
Undermined social and economic factors
Deprived material factors
What study supports relative deprivation
Nightingale
What happens in the study of Nightingale
Black youths Philadelphia rejected conventional means acquiring wealth and possessions and turned illegal illegitimate means
Culturally and structurally excluded
How does formation of delinquent subcultures support figures being accurate
More likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility
What is an evaluation NLR view
Does not explain why not all blacks commit crime
Why does New Right view support figures as accurate
Murray: higher % SPF in black communities. Lack father cause boys become hyper masculine and reject femininity
What is the New Right view criticised
What about crime from 2 parent families
What other theorists support New Right view that socialisation cause higher crime rates
Feminists
Functionalists
What is Sewells theory to support official statistics as correct
Triple quandary theory
Why ethnic group is Sewells triple quandary theory concerned with
Afro-Caribbean boys
What is Sewells triple quandary theory
3 risk factors responsible high levels crime
- feel cant relate mainstream culture
- influenced media
- lack male role model
Why does afro-Caribbean boys feeling they cant relate mainstream culture support statistics
Due to racist teachers police employers etc
Feel marginalised
How does being influenced by media support official statistics
Conspicuous consumption
Identity/status dependent material items e.g designer labels and jewellery, be seen through MTV and rap culture = commit crime achieve these material goods
How does lack of male role model support official statistics
Leads hyper masculine behaviour
Rejection of over feminine family
Creates anxiety = drawn gangs gain respect
What evidence is there to support Sewell
Lack educational success
2006 23% black boys gained 5 or more GCSES compared average 44%
60% blacks live SPF 20% whites
What does Pitt support official statistics
Subcultures
Why doe Pitts subcultures support official statistics
More likely commit if other likeminded individuals with same aspirations and hostility
Subcultural responses: street gangs, violence, drugs. Drawn gangs through violence threatened family
How does Sewell support Pitt
Drawn in to subcultures in to school, more likely to be excluded, leading to marginalisation
Why do Asians have traditionally low crime rates
High rates economic success and stronger family and community
