Mass Media Flashcards
How does the mass media distort image of crime
Ditton & Duffy
Over represents: violent and sex
Under represents: property
How much of the Sun Newspaper is taken up by crime news stories
30%
How much of media reports are made up of violence or sexual crimes
46%
How much of actual crime does violence and sexual crime make up
3%
What do Southill and Walby find about rape reporting
Increasing
Despite drop rape cases
How many more times likely does Marsh find you are likely to report violent crime than property crime
36x
Who does the media exaggerate risk victimisation on
Young women
Elderly
What does exaggerating crime cause
Increased fear in crime
What does Greer state about the exaggeration of crime
Media seeks out newsworthy stories Exploiting possibilities Dramatises, exaggerates, over reports and sensationalises Out of proportion Generate audiences
Give an example of Greers belief that media exaggerates
Crimewatch gives reconstructions giving quite frightening dramatised insights
How much of TV and films are estimated to be about crime and criminals
25% of prime time TV
20% of films
Between the years 1945-84 how many crime thrillers were sold world wide
Mandel – 10 billion
What do Gerbner and Schlesinger and Tumber argue about media consumption
Correlation between media consumption and fear of crime
Evaluation of correlation
Does not mean cause
Could be another disposition
What happens when more individuals stay in
Stay in watch tv Fear crime Stay in more Less capable guardians on street NEW RIGHT: more crime
Which theory says less capable guardians on the street more crime?
New right
What is Sparks evaluation
Careful assuming audience all respond same way
Active vs passive audiences
Who argues about active vs passive audiences
Sparks
What do feminists think of the media
Controls women
Evaluation of media exaggerating victimisation
- feminists: controls women
- sparks: active vs passive audiences
What are the concepts in news vales and social construction the news
News values
Factors consider
Cohen and Young: news is manufactured
What are news values
Values and assumptions held by editors and journalists guide them choosing what is newsworthy and what is reported
What factors do journalists consider when choosing news values
- Proximity - cultural meaning, geographical closeness - british crime better foreign crime
- Risk - larger better, able misrepresent serious, random, unpredictable believe we are all at risk
- High status/Celebrities
Why Cohen and Young argue news is manufactured
Make decisions what to report using news values like
Dramatic
Unusual
How does the media cause crime
- copy cat crime
- creation of desires
- cyber crime
- exaggeration and distortion news
What sort of society is created through creation of desires
Bulimic
How do New Left Realists argue creation desires cause crime
Increase sense relative deprivation
What theorist is Bauman
Late modernist
What dis Bauman say about 2011 riots in relation to creation of desires
Disenfranchised consumers
What theorist is Croall
Post modernist
What does post modernist Croall say about creation of desires causing an increase in crime
Girls driven by conspicuous consumption designer goods to steal
How do Fenwick and Hayword argue crime is packing in creation desires
‘Cool’
Associated fashionable cultural symbols (brands)
How does merton agree with creation of desires
People innovate achieve materialistic goods
Especially when legitimate means blocked
How does Sewells Triple Quandary Theory support creation of desires
3 risk factors high crime Afro-Caribbean boys
2nd= conspicuous consumption
Identity and status dependent material items
Seen through MTV and rap culture
How do Traditional Marxists support creation of desires
Media part ISA creating demand consumer goods necessary capitalist economy
What does Marxist Gordon say about creation of desires
Ideology capitalism encourages ‘culture of envy’ media part superstructure reinforces this
Evaluation creation of desires
- lot crime not motivated by material e.g. Vandalism
- patriarchal control keep women in the home
Which New Right theorist suggested more people at home less capable guardians on the street
Felson
How does exaggeration and distortion news lead increase in crime
Moral panics cause deviancy amplification
Who studied in to moral panics
Stan Cohen
Moral panics and ______ ________?
Folk devils
Outline moral panics
- issues public concern
- report exaggerated
- demonise individuals ‘folk devils’
- symbolisation: hair, clothes, music
- association group becomes visable to public
- media invites moral entrepreneurs condemn behaviour
- predicts further trouble
- pressure authority control issue
- increased policing severe punishment
- self fulfilling prophecy
- deviancy amplification
How does Hall support S.Cohen and moral panics
Moral panic mugging Increase reporting and recording black crime Scapegoated black individuals Labelled 'folk devil' Reality mugging hadnt gone up
What does Halls moral panics differ to Stan Cohens
Hall believes it is a crisis in hegemony
Divert from real issue - capitalism
What is Halls theory called
Myth of black criminality
Evaluation moral panics
- McRobbie and Thorton: less useful audiences not homogenous do not all agree what is deviant
- Durkheim: positive impact reinforce collective conscience
How does the media lead to crime through ‘copy cat’
Media powerful socialisation agent shape behaviour young people
Expose crime and desensitise
Real life example copy cat crime
Jamie Bulger influenced video games such as Child Play 3
How does Banduras Bobo Doll study support copy cat crime
Children imitated what they saw doing to Bobo Doll
Criticisms Banduras experiment
- Hawthorne effect
- No one has yet managed replicate
- lack validity = lab
What are the long term effects imitation
Desensitisation
Deinhibition = more tolerant of violence
How does long term imitation affects cause cultural effects model
Media coverage help create climate support law and order with high levels surveillance
Punishment acceptable
Evaluation copy cat model
Cumberbatch: reviewed 3500 studies found no link
Morrison: depends meaning and context
Sparks: active vs passive
Who found a link between watching violence and violent behaviour
Wartella
What has the increase in crime being according to the Home Office 2015
Crime doubled
- 1mill incidences online fraud
- 5mill other cyber crimes
How much does Detica argue cyber crime costs UK per year
£27billion
What 4 types of cyber crime foes Jewkes identify
Cyber trespassing
Cyber deception
Cyber porn/paedophilia
Cyber violence
Give an example of Jewkes 4 types of cyber crime
Trespassing - hacking/viruses
Deception - fraud e.g. Tesco 2016 20,000 customer details taken
Porn -
Violence - stalking/inciting e.g. 9/11 terrorists used public access computers communicate and buy tickets
How long did the world wide web take to reach 50 million users
3 years
How many users of the world wide web was there in 2010
1.59billion
What are the 4 main groups the government found responsible cyber crime
- organised crime networks e.g. Glocal
- foreign intelligence and individual espionage
- terrorists
- hacker groups - anonymous Hacktivism
How had the internet brought more control
Better opportunities surveillance
CCTV, electronic databases, digital finger printing
Lead increase crime as can capture more
