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Sociology Crime And Deviance > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Traditional views women and crime

A

Women ignored: commit fewer crimes, more trival e.g shoplifting
Heidensohn: vicarious identification male sociologists like excitement and danger studying male crime

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2
Q

Facts and statistics on crime

A

4/5 convicted criminals males
Age 40 9% females criminal conviction - 32% men
8% prison pop female

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3
Q

Why are official statistics considered misleading

A

Chivalry thesis
Evidence bias against women
Women becoming more deviant

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4
Q

What is the chivalry thesis

A

Socialised act chivalrously towards women
Includes: criminal justice agents, police, magistrates, judges and men
Men hate to accuse women: dislike arresting and prosecuting

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5
Q

How does Steffensmeir support chivalry thesis

A

Women treated more leniently
Judges dont want to separate from kids
Women emotional and rational

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6
Q

Who argued women are treated more leniently and Judges dont want to separate them from their kids

A

Steffensmeir

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7
Q

Who states more women are cautioned than prosecuted chivalry thesis

A

Kalven and Zaesal

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8
Q

What do Kalven and Zaesal say about chivalry thesis

A

More women cautioned than prosecuted
Britain NACRO: no special factors influencing approach sentencing women
- responsibility running home - caring dependents - pregnant

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9
Q

What are the Ministry of Justice statistics to support more women cautioned

A

2007 49% women cautioned

30% males

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10
Q

What does Campbell say to support chivalry thesis

A

Police hold stereotypical image women law abiding

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11
Q

Evaluation chivalry thesis

A
  • Farrington & Morris: 408 offences theft 1983 women werent treated more leniently
  • Buckle & Farrington: observational study men 2x more likely shoplift despite women being more likely prosecuted for it
  • Box: reviewed British and American studies women showed more remorse not lenient
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12
Q

What evidence is there of a bias against women

A

Male offenders treated more sympathetically

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13
Q

Why does Smart argue there is a bias against women

A

rape trials celebrate males sexual needs, females unpredictability - capriciousness

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14
Q

What evidence from Judges are there to show bias against women

A

Judge Wild: women who say no do not always mean no

Judge Bertrand Richards: women hitch hiking at night asking for rape

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15
Q

Why do Dobash and Dobash say there is a bias against women

A

Police officers unlikely make arrest when offender used violence against his wife

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16
Q

Why does walkate argue there is a bias against women

A

More likely imprisoned minor offences e.g. Non payment of fine
Prisons based male model punishment
Double discriminate upon release
Secondary victimisation

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17
Q

What does Walkate mean by secondary victimisation

A

Rape trials women not the suspect on trial
Reputation and respectability scrutinised
Double victimisation

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18
Q

Facts and statistics on rape cases

A 
Low conviction rate: 5%
57% cases carried out by partners
75% happen home 
Women make up 92% rape cases
2/3 cases not reported
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19
Q

Why are women becoming more deviant

A

Liberation thesis

Changing attitudes

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20
Q

Who came up with liberation thesis

A

Adler

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21
Q

What is the liberation thesis

A

Women entering labour market range laws protect women
Starting compete with men and becoming more like men
Taking on mens roles and pressures
More opportunities
No longer afraid be deviant
No longer feel suppressed male expectations
Same stresses men: turn to crime
Entering job world: access white collar

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22
Q

What argument does the liberation thesis support

A

Women becoming more deviant

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23
Q

How does Smart evaluation liberation thesis

A

Official figures do not support
Womens crime increased 35-46
Does not coincide womens liberation

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24
Q

Who states there has been a change in attitudes leading women commit more crime

A

Box and Hale

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25
Q

Why do Box and Halle argue change in attitudes led to more women committing crime

A

Among police, courts towards female offending
No chivalry thesis
Women ‘soft targets’ help improve perceived performance
More female police officers:harsher
Net widening: more inclined prosecute less serious crime
Less tolerant
Due marginalisation not liberation

26
Q

What is the biological/psychological response to support official statistics as correct

A

Morris: 1/2 life pre/post menstruation
Lombroso: biology prevents woman being criminal ‘maternal instincts’
Cowie and Slater: girls higher immunity environmental stress
Girls only turn crime ‘constitutional predisposing factors’
Edwards: several cases PMT successful as defence

27
Q

Why does Lombroso argue women do not commit crime and accept statistics

A

Biology prevents women being criminal

‘Maternal instincts’

28
Q

Who Cowie and Slater agree with statistics that women conform more

A

High levels immunity environmental stressors

Only when ‘constitutional predisposing factors’ turn to crime

29
Q

What does Edwards say about women conforming

A

Several cases where PMT successful defence

30
Q

Why does Pollak criticise women conforming

A

Menstruation reminds women of their inferior status turn to crime for revenge
If deviate maybe brought up by dad

31
Q

What theorists argue women are socialised conform more

A

Functionalists
New Right
Feminists

32
Q

Why do Functionalists argue women are socialised in to conforming

A

Parsons: family over feminine.
Boys seek distance feminine models engaging in ‘compensatory compulsory masculinity’
Overcompensate develop ‘masculine behaviour

33
Q

Why does the New Right argue women are socialised in to conforming

A

Murray: SPF: boys surrounded by female influence leads hyper masculinity
90% SPF headed females

34
Q

How does Walklate evaluate functionist and new right view that women over feminine in socialisation

A

Criticises them for assuming women adopt expressive role

35
Q

Why do Feminists argue women are socialised in to conforming

A

Gender role socialisation
Smart/Oakley: girls socialised be passive, boys aggressive.
Girls lack values associated delinquency

36
Q

Who are the 2 researchers who look in to control theory to support women conforming more

A

Heidensohn

Carlen

37
Q

What is Heidensohns control theory based on

A

Social control patriarchal society, at home, public and work

38
Q

How does Heidensohn argue domesticity controls women

A

Women spend hours doing housework, looking after young children
Little time illegal activities

39
Q

How does Heidensohn argue pervasive value controls women

A

Women must carry out domestic role or failure mother
Woman challenges role: face domestic violence
Reinforced by force

40
Q

How does Heidensohn argue fear of crime controls women

A 
54% women wont go out after dark 
14% men wont 
Ideology separate sphere 
Braunmiller: 'fear of rape' intimidation oppresses and subordinates state fear 
Male gaze
41
Q

How does Heidensohn argue work controls women

A

Male superiors hierarchy
Trade unions dominated men
Intimidated forms sexual harassment - 60% women suffer
Pin ups at work

42
Q

What is Carlens Control theory based on

A

Adaption Hirschis control theory

Class and gender deal control women

43
Q

How does Carlen argue class deal controls women

A

Women who work will be offered material rewards, decent standards living, leisure opportunities

44
Q

How does Carlen argue gender deal controls women

A

Patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards from family life conforming norms conventional domestic gender role ‘get good man’

45
Q

What was Carlens study to support his control theory

A

39 15-46 year old w.c women in prison both deals had not been delivered
Most abused as child, not got a good job or a man

46
Q

What are the statistics to support Carlens theory

A

74% female prisoners left school at 15, compared 32% general pop
39% educational qualification, compared 82% general pop
37% previously tried commit suicide

47
Q

Evaluation Heidensohn and Carlens control theories

A

Ignores free will
Plenty women who have little dont turn to crime
Small sample - 39 women

48
Q

Who argues limited opportunities prevent women from committing crime

A

Simon
Box
McRobbie

49
Q

Why does Simon argue women have less opportunities commit crime

A

Women less likely engage white collar crime as men have top jobs

50
Q

Why does Box argue women less likely have opportunity commit crime

A

Glorified godfathers

Women used sexual decoys or sexual play offs

51
Q

Why does McRobbie argue women less likely have opportunity commit crime

A

Adolescence confined to home result parental control

Not in streets where opportunity delinquent behaviour occur

52
Q

What is an evaluation McRobbie

A

Easily access crime/be delinquent in bedroom

53
Q

Why do men commit more crime

A

Sex role/gender socialisation

Masculinity thesis

54
Q

What s the sex role explanation for why men commit more crime

A

Male trad role = breadwinner, characteristics = tough aggressive competitive. Peer groups reinforce.m = greater risk crime and delinquency. Men more independence and lack responsibility that conforms women = more opportunities commit crime

55
Q

Who researches in to masculinity thesis

A

Connell
Messerschidmt
Lyng
Post modernism

56
Q

What is Connells point to support masculinity thesis

A

Hegemonic masculinity = male gender identity defining ‘real man’
Characteristics: control/subordination women, toughness, focal concern lower w.c subculture

57
Q

What is Messerschidmts point to support masculinity thesis

A

Assert masculinity when legitimate means blocked. Legitimate: success, stable family, secure status. When this is missing seek out alternatives ‘masculine-validating resources’ e.g violence, crime Usually deprived backgrounds

58
Q

What is Lyngs point to support masculinity thesis

A

Edgework: way expressing masculinity more likely those legitimate means blocked
Hegemonic masculinity: ruthless ambition = white collar. Explains men of all social classes

59
Q

What post modernist study supports masculinity thesis

A

Winslows study of unemployed Sunderland

60
Q

What was Winslows study

A

Studied bouncers Sunderland
Area deindustrialise and unemployed. Lose job lose masculinity go to gym gain body capital become bouncers work nocturnal economy opened opportunities paid work and illegal business e.g drugs

61
Q

What does Winslows study show

A

How to gain criminal job when lack organised crime and absence professional criminal subculture modern society
How ‘hard men’ earn status

62
Q

What conclusions can be drawn on gender and crime

A

Feminists: CJS biased
Heidensohn: harsher when deviate gender norms e.g either virgin or a whore
Double standards: punish girls not boys premature promiscuous activity
Women who do not conform punished more harshly
Stewart: magistrates base perception of trad gender roles
Carlen: jail for less serious crime, about courts assessment them as wives mothers daughters

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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