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Sociology Crime And Deviance > Green Crime > Flashcards

Green Crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 definitions of green crime

A
  • traditional criminology
  • green criminology
  • zemiology
  • radical criminology
  • transgressive criminology
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2
Q

Outline traditional criminology definition

A

Unauthorised act or omission that violates law

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3
Q

What is green criminology definition

A

Across boundaries of traditional
Broadens discussion look at harm

Link zemiology

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4
Q

What is zemiology definition

A

Looks at harm

Actions may injure humans and environment bht may not be against law - sociology of harm

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5
Q

Outline a strength and a limitation of zemiology definition

A
  • STRENGTH: recognises growing importance environmental issues and manufactured risks, recognises interdependence humans, other species and environment
  • LIMITATION: focuses harm not criminality, subjective interpretation
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6
Q

Who created radical criminologist definition

A

White

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7
Q

What is the radical criminologist definition

A

Any action harms physical environment and any creatures living within it, even if technically not breaking the law

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8
Q

What is the transgressive definition

A

Broader
Any human action illegal or not causes environmental harm
Environmental Justice Approach

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9
Q

Evaluation transgressive defintion

A

Broad: based moral and political judgements

Just because morally repugnant does not make it a crime

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10
Q

How does south divide crime

A
  • primary

- secondary

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11
Q

Outline Souths Primary crime

A
  • air pollution: 3 billion tons carbon each year from burning fossil fuels
  • deforestation: 1960-90 1/5 worlds tropical rainforest destroyed e.g through logging
  • species decline: 50 species a day becoming extinct
  • water pollution: 25mill die each year from drinking contaminated water
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12
Q

Briefly outline Souths primary definition

A

Crimes resulting directly destruction and degradation earths resources

  • water pollution
  • species decline
  • air pollution
  • deforestation
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13
Q

Outline Souths secondary crime definition

A

Crime result gov flouting rules aimed preventing or regulating environmental pollution and natural disasters.
States and countries break own regulations or profit degradation another country

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14
Q

Example of Souths secondary crime

A

Dumping toxic waste in another country

Deep Water Horizon 2010: largest oil spill in history

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15
Q

What are the two views of harm

A
  • Anthropocentric

- Ecocentric

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16
Q

Outline Anthropocentric view of harm

A

Prioritise man over other species
Humans right to dominate nature for own ends
Corporations adopt this view justify means their damage

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17
Q

Outline Ecocentric view of harm

A

Humans and environment interdependent
Environmental harm hurts humans to
Do not have priority over other species
Green crime adopts this view

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18
Q

Who commits crime

A

Wolf:

  • individuals
  • private business organisations
  • states and gov
  • organised crime e.g. Mafia Italy dispose illegal waste for businesses
19
Q

Outline different links to globalisation

A
  • global demand
  • trafficking
  • easier communicate/cheaper
  • global risks
20
Q

How does it link to global demand

A

Encourage green crime

Deforestation Amazon logging

21
Q

How does it link to trafficking

A

Endangered species in global market

Wider market of potential customers

22
Q

How does easier to communicate/ cheaper travel link

A

Companies/states developed world send toxic waste be disposed of in countries where costs cheaper and h&s legislation more lax
May not be illegal but is it ethical?

23
Q

How do global risks link with it

A

Beck
Unlike natural disasters: famine and drought developed those own making ‘manufactured risks’
Involve harm environment and consequences humanity
Global warming caused greenhouse gas emission from industry
Searching more profit
Taking more and more risks

24
Q

What are the causes

A
  • capitalism
  • biopiracy
  • consumerism
  • states and organised crime
25
Q

How does capitalism lead to green crime

A

Halsey and Whyte: dominance capitalist ideology, prioritising economic growth over wellbeing environment, linked corporate crime

26
Q

How does biopiracy lead to crime

A

South: corporate colonisation of nature - nature exploited capitalist profit
Walters: examples: companies take control sometimes illegally of plants and animals preventing them being used by indigenous people e.g. Stripping rainforests of resources so impossible local population and rainforest thrive
Engineering of nature: genetically modified crops, building dams, mining, fracking undermine sustainability and diversity harming local population e.g introduction GM crops Zambia threatened contaminate other crops and food supply

27
Q

How does consumerism cause green crime

A

Car buyers contribute greenhouse gases by adding to global warming through carbon emissions

28
Q

How does state and organised crime cause green crime

A

E.g. Chinese state responsible building 3 gorges in a dam, flooding 400sq miles
Causing soil erosion, drought and displacement 1mill people
South: Sicilian Mafia: disposing hazardous waste Bay Naples: only 10% disposed legally

29
Q

How does green crime link to state crime

A

Marx: global capitalism and crimes of powerful. Global social injustice poor suffer most
Japan
State violence against oppositional groups:
Every case gov committed nuclear power those who oppose treated same degree as enemies of the state
State collides organised crime: South Italy Eco Mafia

30
Q

What is an example of state violence against oppositional groups

A

french gov secret service blew up Green peace ship rainbow warrior as used to stop France testing nuclear weapons South Pacific

31
Q

Example state crime

A

JAPAN

bribery and corruption Japanese gov on International Whaling Commission to stifle opposition try and make exceptions

32
Q

Examples corporate crime

A
  • union carbide Bhopal 1984
  • union carbide Sydney Harbour 2006
  • recycling ships Bangladesh/India/Brazil/China
33
Q

How does Bhopal 1984 Union Carbide demonstrate corporate crime

A 
- cyanide gas leak due failure safety systems 
Estimated 20,000 died 
120,000 still suffer
1 dies per day
Only acknowledged 3,800 deaths 
H&S more lax Bhopal
34
Q

How many died result Bhopal 1984 Union Carbide

A

20,000

35
Q

How many are still suffering result Bhopal Union Carbide 1984

A

120,000

1 dies per day

36
Q

How does Union Carbide 2006 Sydney Harbour link corporate crime

A

Banned commercial shipping after tests showed fish 100x more cancer causing dioxins than considered safe
Result union carbide chemical plant low income area regularly dumping chemical e.g agent orange 1940s-70s when closed down

37
Q

What was Union Carbide accused of doing in 2006

A

Sydney Harbour
Plant low income area
Regularly dumping chemicals e.g. Agent orange
Betweens 40s-70s when closed down

38
Q

How does recycling ships link to corporate and green crime

A

Bring employment Bangladesh, India, Brazil, China

Havent technology dismantle asbestos laden ships

39
Q

What are the reasons for green crime being hard to detect

A
  • Brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation
  • international laws difficult construct some reluctant to sign
  • gov reluctant pass laws hurt big multi national companies they rely on
40
Q

What are brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation

A 
Deny 
Delay
Divide
Dump
Dupe
41
Q

Give an example to demonstrate Brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation

A
  • global warming not happening
  • cant act until we know more
  • chose jobs or environment
  • export products banned at home
  • pose friends environmental groups (greenwashing)
42
Q

Why do international laws make green crime hard to detect

A

China and USA reluctant sign any internal carbon reduction treaties
Japan opposed anti-whaling legislation
Multi-jurisdictional pollution does not stay in boundaries

43
Q

Why are gov reluctant pass laws hurt big multi-national companies they rely on

A

Enforcement often weak
Stay benefitting
Firm can hire lawyers escape prosecution

44
Q

Have laws tightened UK

A

2005 environmental Agency
Prosecutions against 317 companies
Nearly 1/2 fined over £1000
Illegal waste disposal and water pollution cracked down on
Illegal fly tip, litter, pick protected flowers, or deal endangered species

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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