Pulmonary Hypertension, Embolism, & Atelectasis

Question 1

What is primary pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 1

Pulmonary hypertension caused by increases in pulmonary arterial tone due to genetic alteration (bone morphogenic peptide)

Question 2

What type of congenital heart disease can cause primary pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 2

left-to-right shunting diseases

Question 3

A patent ductus arteriosus can cause what type of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 3

Primary

Question 4

A patient with a genetic BMP (bone morphogenic peptide) alteration suffers from what kind of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 4

Primary

Question 5

What is secondary pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 5

Acquired hypertension of pulmonary circulation caused by other problems or pathologies

Question 6

What are causes of secondary pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 6

Left ventricle failure (leads to RSHF)
Mitral stenosis
COPD

Question 7

Chronic bronchitis causes (Primary/Secondary) pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 7

Secondary

Question 8

Blood clots that occlude the large pulmonary arteries are almost always ____ in nature?

Answer 8

Embolic

Question 9

What is the most common pulmonary complication in the hospitalized patient?

Answer 9

Pulmonary embolism (DVT)

Question 10

What is the main cause of an air embolism?

Answer 10

The bends or a scuba diving accident

Question 11

What is the main cause of a fat embolism?

Answer 11

Long bone fracture

Question 12

What is the main cause of an amniotic fluid embolism?

Answer 12

Placental tearing during pregnancy

Question 13

What powdered product is linked to increased risk of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 13

Talc

Question 14

What are risk factors for pulmonary embolization?

Answer 14

• Hypercoagulation
• obesity
• recent surgery
• cancer
• oral contraceptive use
• pregnancy
• sedentary/immobilization

Question 15

What is the most probable cause of a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 15

DVT from the lower extremity embolizing to the pulmonary artery

Question 16

Patient decided to visit your office after a 15 hour flight back from visiting his family in Thailand. The patient is slightly overweight. His chief complaint is neck stiffness, but since he has gotten off the plane he notes throbbing pain around the back of his knee. You notice upon palpation that his left ankle is swollen in comparison to the other side with a slight pit present upon palpation. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 16

DVT

Question 17

What severe acute heart complication results from a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 17

Acute cor pulmonale

Question 18

What are common etiologic agents of acute bronchitis?

Answer 18

Influenza, adenovirus, streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 19

What are signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis?

Answer 19

Chronic cough, dyspnea, wheeze, low-grade fever, chest tightness, sore throat

Question 20

What is atelectasis?

Answer 20

Collapse of a lung or incomplete expansion of the lungs resulting in airless parenchyma

Question 21

What are the three types of atelectasis?

Answer 21

Resorption
Compression
Contraction

Question 22

What causes resorption atelectasis?

Answer 22

Complete obstruction of an airway associated with bronchial asthma, bronchitis, aspiration, and bronchiectasis

Question 23

A patient with resorption atelectasis has what mediastinal shift occur?

Answer 23

Shift TOWARD the atelectatic lung

Question 24

What causes compression atelectasis?

Answer 24

Pleural cavity is partially or completely filled by a fluid, exudate, tumor, blood, or air

Question 25

What form of atelectasis is commonly seen in patients with cardiac failure?

Answer 25

Compression atelectasis

Question 26

A patient with compression atelectasis has what mediastinal shift occur?

Answer 26

Shift AWAY FROM the atelectatic lung

Question 27

What pathology causes compression atelectasis with NO mediastinal shift?

Answer 27

Tension pneumothorax

Question 28

What is contraction atelectasis?

Answer 28

Atelectasis caused by generalized or local fibrotic changes in the lung or pleura preventing full expansion

Question 29

Atelectasis is considered a reversible disorder with the exception of contraction atelectasis (TRUE/FALSE)?

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Contraction atelectasis is reversible (TRUE/FALSE)?

Answer 30

FALSE

Question 31

What form of atelectasis is not reversible?

Answer 31

Contraction atelectasis

Question 32

Contraction atelectasis has no mediastinal shift (TRUE/FALSE)?

Answer 32

TRUE