Other Renal Pathologies Flashcards
What is the term for deposition of calcium phosphate in renal parenchyma in association with hypercalcemia?
Nephrocalcinosis
What is nephrocalcinosis?
Deposition of calcium phosphate in renal parenchyma in association with hypercalcemia
Nephrosclerosis is due to ___
hypertension
nephrosclerosis
In which patient is malignant hypertension more common?
Men around the age of 40
Patients with nephrosclerosis suffer headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances, and may develop…
overt encephalopathy
A 42-year-old male patient presents with headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances. You discover he has high blood pressure and you send him for lab testing. Urinalysis reveals hematuria and proteinuria.
What is the likely diagnosis?
Nephrosclerosis
What happens if nephrosclerosis is left untreated?
Progressive renal deterioration develops
How is nephrosclerosis treated?
Aggressive antihypertensive therapy (it’s caused by hypertension)
What is the term for acute renal failure due to metal or analgesic toxicity?
Acute tubular necrosis
What type of necrosis occurs with acute tubular necrosis?
Coagulative necrosis
What is the cause of acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis?
Metal or analgesic toxicity
What is the etiology of renal cortical necrosis?
Complication of shock or multiple areas of infarct
Severe renal cortical necrosis manifests as ___
acute renal failure
With renal cortical necrosis, the cortex appears ___
pale
Where does nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis most commonly arise?
May form at any level in the urinary tract, but most arise in the kidney
How common is urolithiasis?
Frequent clinical problem: 5-10% of Americans in their lifetime
Which patient is most affected by nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis?
Men 20-30 years old
What are some hereditary predispositions for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis?
- Gout
- Cystinuria
- Primary hyperoxaluria
There is familial and hereditary predisposition for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis
Hereditary diseases causing nephrolithiasis are characterized by…
excessive production and excretion of stone-forming substances
What are most kidney stones composed of?
70% are calcium containing: largely calcium oxalate or mixed with calcium phosphate
If a patient has had many kidney stones or infections, which type of stone might they produce?
Struvite stones: composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate
If a patient has gout and kidney stones, what is likely the type of stones present?
Uric acid stones
Name four types of kidney stones in order of prevalence
- Calcium (70%)
- Struvite (15%)
- Uric acid (5-10%)
- Cystine (1-2%)
If a patient presents with characteristic “loin-to-groin” pain, which is colicky in nature, what should you suspect?
Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis
How does a patient with kidney stones typically present?
Characteristic “loin-to-groin” pain which is colicky in nature
What is hydronephrosis?
Dilation of renal pelvis due to urinary obstruction
What is the term for dilation of the renal pelvis due to urinary obstruction?
Hydronephrosis