Other Renal Pathologies

Question 1

What is the term for deposition of calcium phosphate in renal parenchyma in association with hypercalcemia?

Answer 1

Nephrocalcinosis

Question 2

What is nephrocalcinosis?

Answer 2

Deposition of calcium phosphate in renal parenchyma in association with hypercalcemia

Question 3

Nephrosclerosis is due to ___

Answer 3

hypertension

Question 4

nephrosclerosis

In which patient is malignant hypertension more common?

Answer 4

Men around the age of 40

Question 5

Patients with nephrosclerosis suffer headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances, and may develop…

Answer 5

overt encephalopathy

Question 6

A 42-year-old male patient presents with headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances. You discover he has high blood pressure and you send him for lab testing. Urinalysis reveals hematuria and proteinuria.
What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 6

Nephrosclerosis

Question 7

What happens if nephrosclerosis is left untreated?

Answer 7

Progressive renal deterioration develops

Question 8

How is nephrosclerosis treated?

Answer 8

Aggressive antihypertensive therapy (it’s caused by hypertension)

Question 9

What is the term for acute renal failure due to metal or analgesic toxicity?

Answer 9

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 10

What type of necrosis occurs with acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 10

Coagulative necrosis

Question 11

What is the cause of acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 11

Metal or analgesic toxicity

Question 12

What is the etiology of renal cortical necrosis?

Answer 12

Complication of shock or multiple areas of infarct

Question 13

Severe renal cortical necrosis manifests as ___

Answer 13

acute renal failure

Question 14

With renal cortical necrosis, the cortex appears ___

Answer 14

pale

Question 15

Where does nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis most commonly arise?

Answer 15

May form at any level in the urinary tract, but most arise in the kidney

Question 16

How common is urolithiasis?

Answer 16

Frequent clinical problem: 5-10% of Americans in their lifetime

Question 17

Which patient is most affected by nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis?

Answer 17

Men 20-30 years old

Question 18

What are some hereditary predispositions for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis?

Answer 18

• Gout
• Cystinuria
• Primary hyperoxaluria

Question 19

There is familial and hereditary predisposition for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis
Hereditary diseases causing nephrolithiasis are characterized by…

Answer 19

excessive production and excretion of stone-forming substances

Question 20

What are most kidney stones composed of?

Answer 20

70% are calcium containing: largely calcium oxalate or mixed with calcium phosphate

Question 21

If a patient has had many kidney stones or infections, which type of stone might they produce?

Answer 21

Struvite stones: composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 22

If a patient has gout and kidney stones, what is likely the type of stones present?

Answer 22

Uric acid stones

Question 23

Name four types of kidney stones in order of prevalence

Answer 23

1. Calcium (70%)
2. Struvite (15%)
3. Uric acid (5-10%)
4. Cystine (1-2%)

Question 24

If a patient presents with characteristic “loin-to-groin” pain, which is colicky in nature, what should you suspect?

Answer 24

Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis

Question 25

How does a patient with kidney stones typically present?

Answer 25

Characteristic “loin-to-groin” pain which is colicky in nature

Question 26

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 26

Dilation of renal pelvis due to urinary obstruction

Question 27

What is the term for dilation of the renal pelvis due to urinary obstruction?

Answer 27

Hydronephrosis