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NYCC Visceral Pathology > Cardiomyopathies & Cardiac Tumors > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathies & Cardiac Tumors Flashcards

11
Q

What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

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12
Q

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Genetics, idiopathic, alcoholism (Happy holiday syndrome)

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13
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy can ‘Happy holiday’ syndrome cause?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Myocardium becomes flabby, weak and pale
  • compensatory ventricular hypertrophy & dilation
  • Exercise intolerance progresses to congestive heart failure
  • 75% die within 5 years of onset without transplant, due to ventricular arrythmias (50%)
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15
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • altered sarcomere function due to thick wall and small cavity of LV
  • papillary mm and trabeculae carnae are prominent and encroach on lumen
  • often asymmetric hypertrophy of interventricular septum
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16
Q

A 16 year old star soccer player collapses on the field in the fourth quarter and expires from a massive cardiac failure of his left ventricle. What cardiomyopathy does this pattern indicate?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an example of what type of aortic stenosis?

A

Subvalvular

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18
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

A group of diseases in which myocardial or endocardial abnormalities limit diastolic filling while contractile function is normal

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19
Q

What pathologies can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Systemic amyloidosis
  • hemachromatosis (^iron) (genetic & storage diseases)
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20
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy can be caused by hemachromatosis and systemic amyloidosis?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

When does a myxoma present in life?

A

Adulthood

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22
Q

What is the cell of origin for a myxoma?

A

Connective tissue (fibroblast)

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23
Q

What is the preferential location for a myxoma?

A

Left atrium

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24
Q

49 year old patient presents with a heart tumor in his left atrium composed of fibroblasts. What is the name given to this gelatinous mass?

A

Myxoma

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25
Q

What age does a rhabdomyoma of the heart onset?

A

Pediatric

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26
Q

What is the most common pediatric heart tumor?

A

Rhabdomyoma

27
Q

What is the cell of origin for a rhabdomyoma?

A

Striated cardiac myocytes

28
Q

Where does a rhabdomyoma preferentially exist?

A

Walls of ventricles

29
Q

8 year old male patient presents with a tumor in the right ventricle of his heart composed of striated cardiac myocytes. What type of tumor is described?

A

Rhabdomyoma

30
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

benign tumor composed of the primary tissue of an organ

31
Q

What cardiomyopathy can be caused by holiday heart syndrome or Saturday night syndrome? Why?

A

Dilative cardiomyopathy due to a B1 deficiency

32
Q

In a restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart has trouble in (Systole/Diastole)?

A

Diastole

33
Q

What is the most common etiology of sudden cardiac death in people under 35 years of age?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

34
Q

What is the most common etiology of sudden cardiac death in people over 35 years of age?

A

Coronary heart disease

35
Q

What is the most common cardiac primary tumor in adults?

A

Myxoma

36
Q

36 year old female patient is diagnosed with a mass in her heart. The mass is gelatinous upon biopsy measuring 5 cm. The mass appears to be a mix of connective tissue and is situated in the left atrium. What is the diagnosis?

A

Myxoma

37
Q

A rhabdomyoma is a (Benign/Malignant) neoplasm of (Smooth/Striated) muscle cells?

A

Benign, striated

38
Q

9 year old male patient is diagnosed with a mass in the left ventricle of their heart. The mass appears to be benign. What is the most common tumor based on this patients age and location?

A

Rhabdomyoma

39
Q

Metastasis to the heart is common (TRUE/FALSE)?

A

FALSE

40
Q

What cancers most commonly metastasize to the heart?

A

Lung, breast, and GI tract

41
Q

How does dilated cardiomyopathy result in reduced stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

poorly contracting heart (weak) causes ^stretch & compliance -> valves become regurgitant -> less blood pumped out

42
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Genetic defects in cytoskeletal proteins lead to hypothesis that defects in force transmission lead to development of a dilated, poorly contracting heart

43
Q

What is the most notable histologic feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

myofiber disarray

44
Q

What population is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seen in?

A

young athletes, but can occur at any age

45
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • asymptomatic, although at risk for sudden death
  • angina, dyspnea, syncope which may progress to heart failure
46
Q

What is the result of restrictive cardiomyopathy on blood flow?

A

decreased compliance -> decreased filling (diastole) -> decreased SV & Q

NYCC Visceral Pathology (40 decks)

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