Allergies, Larynx & Congenital Pathologies

Question 1

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 1

Defective development of one or both lungs

Question 2

A urinary tract disease in utero can cause what congenital anomaly of the lungs?

Answer 2

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 3

How does a space-occupying lesion cause pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 3

A mass in the chest cavity allows for less room for total lung development resulting in a smaller lung

Question 4

What condition can a urinary tract disease cause resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 4

Oligohydramnios

Question 5

What is oligohydramnios? What can cause it? What can it result in?

Answer 5

Decreased amniotic fluid caused by a urinary tract disease in utero. It can result in pulmonary hypoplasia of the baby

Question 6

What is a pulmonary sequestration?

Answer 6

Presence of a discrete mass of lung tissue without any connection to airways (extra or intralobular presentation)

Question 7

What is a pulmonary atresia?

Answer 7

Incomplete development of canals in the lungs

Question 8

What is a pulmonary fistula?

Answer 8

Abnormal communication between vessels around the lungs

Question 9

Baby is born without complications. Upon eating their first meal they abruptly vomit up the food. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 9

Esophageal atresia with the proximal esophagus disconnected from the distal end

Question 10

Baby is born without complications. Upon eating their first meal they aspirate and choke on their meal. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 10

Tracheoesophageal fistula with the proximal esophagus connecting to the trachea

Question 11

Allergic rhinitis is also known as what condition?

Answer 11

Hay fever

Question 12

Hay fever is a ____ hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 12

Type I

Question 13

What are signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis (hay fever)?

Answer 13

Itchy, watery eyes, rhinorrhea, sneezing, bronchoconstriction, Increased IgE, Eosinophilia

Question 14

25 year old female patient presents to your office in the early spring with a runny nose and watery eyes. The patient reports recently moving into a new home in the woods surrounded by beautiful yellow flowers. The patients IgE levels and eosinophil levels are heightened. The issue seems to be dying down throughout her treatment in the office. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 14

Allergic Rhinitis (hay fever)

Question 15

What is the most common disorder of the larynx?

Answer 15

Inflammation (laryngitis)

Question 16

What is the histological tissue type in the larynx above the vocal folds?

Answer 16

Stratified squamous

Question 17

What is the histological tissue in the larynx below the vocal folds?

Answer 17

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 18

What are examples of parts of the body with transformation zones? What is significant about transformation zones?

Answer 18

• Cervix, anal canal, esophagus, larynx
• Transformation zones are places where epithelial change occurs and are more prone to pathology

Question 19

Patient reports recent indigestion issues and wants a diet to soothe the burning, sour taste in their throat when they wake up in the morning. What blanket diagnosis describes what this patient is experiencing?

Answer 19

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 20

What is a laryngeal nodule?

Answer 20

A benign growth on both vocal cords

Question 21

Laryngeal nodules often occur (Unilaterally/Bilaterally)?

Answer 21

Bilaterally

Question 22

What is the main cause of laryngeal nodules?

Answer 22

Vocal abuse/Phonatory damage

Question 23

Your patient comes in today complaining of a sore throat. He is a singer in the high school chorus and for the first time this year he has a lead role in the upcoming concert. Due to nerves he has been practicing extra long for the past month. What is likely the source of his sore throat?

Answer 23

Laryngeal nodules

Question 24

A laryngeal polyp usually occurs (Unilaterally/Bilaterally)?

Answer 24

Unilaterally

Question 25

What can cause a polyp to form on the vocal folds?

Answer 25

GERD, Chronic laryngeal allergic reactions, chronic irritants such as industrial fumes and cigarette smoke

Question 26

Your patient presents with a sore throat. Laryngoscopy shows a single solitary mass on the left vocal fold. Your patient works as an industrial pipe fitter and has a history of GERD that you have given him dietary advice for in the past. What is a likely diagnosis?

Answer 26

Laryngeal polyp

Question 27

What is the main cause of laryngeal carcinoma? What are other causes?

Answer 27

Main cause = Cigarette smoking
Other causes = HPV, alcohol, asbestos

Question 28

The majority of laryngeal carcinomas are ____ carcinomas?

Answer 28

Squamous cell

Question 29

What major histopathologic evidence indicates a squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 29

Keratin pearls

Question 30

Your male patient is a chronic smoker. He has a long-standing history of chronic alcoholism and has recently been complaining of a hoarse voice and a sore throat when he tries to shout derogatory remarks at the kids running through his lawn. A biopsy of the larynx is taken and keratin pearls are visualized. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 30

Squamous cell carcinoma of the vocal folds