Allergies, Larynx & Congenital Pathologies Flashcards
What is pulmonary hypoplasia?
Defective development of one or both lungs
A urinary tract disease in utero can cause what congenital anomaly of the lungs?
Pulmonary hypoplasia
How does a space-occupying lesion cause pulmonary hypoplasia?
A mass in the chest cavity allows for less room for total lung development resulting in a smaller lung
What condition can a urinary tract disease cause resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia?
Oligohydramnios
What is oligohydramnios? What can cause it? What can it result in?
Decreased amniotic fluid caused by a urinary tract disease in utero. It can result in pulmonary hypoplasia of the baby
What is a pulmonary sequestration?
Presence of a discrete mass of lung tissue without any connection to airways (extra or intralobular presentation)
What is a pulmonary atresia?
Incomplete development of canals in the lungs
What is a pulmonary fistula?
Abnormal communication between vessels around the lungs
Baby is born without complications. Upon eating their first meal they abruptly vomit up the food. What is the likely diagnosis?
Esophageal atresia with the proximal esophagus disconnected from the distal end
Baby is born without complications. Upon eating their first meal they aspirate and choke on their meal. What is the likely diagnosis?
Tracheoesophageal fistula with the proximal esophagus connecting to the trachea
Allergic rhinitis is also known as what condition?
Hay fever
Hay fever is a ____ hypersensitivity reaction?
Type I
What are signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis (hay fever)?
Itchy, watery eyes, rhinorrhea, sneezing, bronchoconstriction, Increased IgE, Eosinophilia
25 year old female patient presents to your office in the early spring with a runny nose and watery eyes. The patient reports recently moving into a new home in the woods surrounded by beautiful yellow flowers. The patients IgE levels and eosinophil levels are heightened. The issue seems to be dying down throughout her treatment in the office. What is the likely diagnosis?
Allergic Rhinitis (hay fever)
What is the most common disorder of the larynx?
Inflammation (laryngitis)
What is the histological tissue type in the larynx above the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
What is the histological tissue in the larynx below the vocal folds?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What are examples of parts of the body with transformation zones? What is significant about transformation zones?
- Cervix, anal canal, esophagus, larynx
- Transformation zones are places where epithelial change occurs and are more prone to pathology
Patient reports recent indigestion issues and wants a diet to soothe the burning, sour taste in their throat when they wake up in the morning. What blanket diagnosis describes what this patient is experiencing?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
What is a laryngeal nodule?
A benign growth on both vocal cords
Laryngeal nodules often occur (Unilaterally/Bilaterally)?
Bilaterally
What is the main cause of laryngeal nodules?
Vocal abuse/Phonatory damage
Your patient comes in today complaining of a sore throat. He is a singer in the high school chorus and for the first time this year he has a lead role in the upcoming concert. Due to nerves he has been practicing extra long for the past month. What is likely the source of his sore throat?
Laryngeal nodules
A laryngeal polyp usually occurs (Unilaterally/Bilaterally)?
Unilaterally
What can cause a polyp to form on the vocal folds?
GERD, Chronic laryngeal allergic reactions, chronic irritants such as industrial fumes and cigarette smoke
Your patient presents with a sore throat. Laryngoscopy shows a single solitary mass on the left vocal fold. Your patient works as an industrial pipe fitter and has a history of GERD that you have given him dietary advice for in the past. What is a likely diagnosis?
Laryngeal polyp
What is the main cause of laryngeal carcinoma? What are other causes?
Main cause = Cigarette smoking
Other causes = HPV, alcohol, asbestos
The majority of laryngeal carcinomas are ____ carcinomas?
Squamous cell
What major histopathologic evidence indicates a squamous cell carcinoma?
Keratin pearls
Your male patient is a chronic smoker. He has a long-standing history of chronic alcoholism and has recently been complaining of a hoarse voice and a sore throat when he tries to shout derogatory remarks at the kids running through his lawn. A biopsy of the larynx is taken and keratin pearls are visualized. What is the diagnosis?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vocal folds
