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Respiratory Block > Pulmonary blood flow, gas exchange and transport 2+3 > Flashcards

Pulmonary blood flow, gas exchange and transport 2+3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many millilitres of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma?

A

3ml

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2
Q

What compound increases the oxygen content of the blood to 200ml/l?

A

Haemoglobin

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3
Q

How is the bulk of CO2 transported in the plasma?

A

In solution

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4
Q

What oxygen is the only part which makes up the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

The oxygen in solution (3ml)

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5
Q

What 2 things is the partial pressure of oxygen determined by?

A
  • Oxygen solubility which is fixed

- Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli which is the gas driving oxygen into solution

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6
Q

Why is the oxygen in alveoli and in the blood the same pressure?

A

The partial pressure of gas in solution is equal to the partial pressure in the gaseous phase driving the gas into solution

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7
Q

What is oxygen tension?

A

PaO2=100mHg in alveoli

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8
Q

Why do gases not travel in the blood?

A

Would lead to bubbles in the blood = fatal air embolism

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9
Q

What percentage of arterial oxygen is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest?

A

25%

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10
Q

What is the oxygen demand for resting tissues?

A

250ml/min

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11
Q

Is the process by which haemoglobin binding oxygen knows as oxidation or oxygenation?

A

oxygenation

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12
Q

For 1g of haemoglobin how many ml of oxygen is bound?

A

1.34ml

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13
Q

How much of haemoglobin is HbA?

A

92%

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14
Q

What is the other 8% of haemoglobin?

A

HbA2, HbF and glycosylated Hb

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15
Q

Describe HbA2

A

delta replace beta

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16
Q

Describe HbF

A

Gamma replace beta

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17
Q

Name the 3 glycosylated haemoglobin

A

HbA1a, HbA1b and HbA1c

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18
Q

What is the major determinant of the degree to which haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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19
Q

How long after contact is Hb saturated?

A
  1. 25s

0. 75s total

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20
Q

When alveolar P02 Is moderately reduced how much is the oxygen uptake by the blood affected?

A

Stays relatively normal

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21
Q

What is the oxygen capacity of normal venous blood - Po2?

A

75%

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22
Q

Why do fetal haemoglobin and myoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than Hba?

A

Extract oxygen from the maternal or arterial blood

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23
Q

Anaemia

A

Any condition where the oxygen capacity of blood is compromised

24
Q

What are 3 examples of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency, haemorrhage and vitamin B12 deficiency

25
Q

How is haemoglobin still fully saturated in anaemia?

A

P02 is normal as oxygen in solution is unaffected

26
Q

Name the 4 chemical factors which affect the affinity of Hb for O2

A

pH, PCO2, temperature and DPG

27
Q

Why does exercise shift the curve to the right?

A

Facilitates dissociation

28
Q

What does a rise in pH do for saturation of haemoglobin?

A

Increases affinity and makes unloading more difficult

29
Q

What does a rise in pH aid?

A

Collection of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation

30
Q

What synthesises 2,3-DPG?

A

Erythrocytes

31
Q

Does 2,3-DPG binding increase or decrease affinity of Hb and oxygen?

A

Decreases

32
Q

When does 2,3-DPG increase?

A

When there is inadequate oxygen eg heart and lung disease or at altitude

33
Q

What does 2,3-DPG help to maintain?

A

Oxygen release

34
Q

What do carbon monoxide and haemoglobin combine to form?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin

35
Q

How much greater is CO affinity than O2?

A

250 times

36
Q

Why is Co binding a problem?

A

Binds readily and dissociates slowly

37
Q

What partial pressure of CO is enough for progressive carboxyhaemoglobin production?

A

0.4mmHg

38
Q

Symptoms of CO

A

Hypoxia, anaemia, cherry red skin and mucous membranes, nausea, vomiting and potential brain damage and death

39
Q

Is the respiration rate affected in CO? Why?

A

PaCO2 normal so unaffected rate

40
Q

Name the 5 types of hypoxia

A 
Hypoxic
Anaemic
Ischaemic/stagnant
Histotoxic
Metabolic
41
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia

A

Most common and found at altitude where there is a reduced PO2 in the atmosphere leading to a reduction in oxygen diffusion at the lungs

42
Q

Anaemic hypoxia

A

Reduction in oxygen carting capacity due to anaemia - RBC loss and iron deficiency

43
Q

Ischaemic hypoxia

A

Heart disease leading to an inefficient pumping of blood

44
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Due to poisoning of CO or cyanide so cells cannot use oxygen

45
Q

Metabolic hypoxia

A

The oxygen is not meeting the metabolic demand of cells `

46
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma/RBC?

A

7%

47
Q

CO2 + deoxyhaemoglobin==»?

A

Carbamino compounds

48
Q

How much of total CO2 and where are carbamino compounds formed?

A

23%

Erythrocytes

49
Q

How much carbon dioxide combines with water?

A

70%

50
Q

What does CO2 + H2O make?

A

Carbonic acid in RBC

51
Q

What does carbonic acid dissociate to give?

A

H+ and bicarbonate

52
Q

What does bicarbonate exchange with when moving into plasma?

A

Chloride ions ( chloride shift)

53
Q

What do H+ combine with?

A

deoxyhaemoglobin

54
Q

Respiratory acidosis occurs in hypo or hyperventilation?

A

Hypoventilation - retains CO2 so H+ increases

55
Q

Respiratory alkalosis occurs in hypo or hyperventilation?

A

Hyperventilation

Respiratory Block (29 decks)

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