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Respiratory Block > Pathology of pulmonary infection > Flashcards

Pathology of pulmonary infection Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 components making lung infection a multifactorial situation

A

Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population at risk

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2
Q

Name the 3 types of microorganism pathogenicity

A

Primary
Faculative
Opportunistic

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3
Q

State the 2 components which determine the capacity of the host to resist infection

A

State of host defence mechanism

Age

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4
Q

Name the 6 upper respiratory tract infections

A

coryza, sore throat syndrome, acute laryngotracheobronchitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and acute epiglottitis

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5
Q

What is coryza better known as?

A

Common cold

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6
Q

What is acute laryngotracheobronchitis better known as?

A

Croup

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7
Q

Name the 3 lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

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8
Q

Name the 3 constituents of the macrophage mucociliary escalator system

A

General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
URT as a filter

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9
Q

Is the lower respiratory tract sterile or non sterile?

A

Sterile

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10
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose and digest particles then move to the lymph

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11
Q

What happens to the macrophage mucociliary escalator during a viral infection?

A

Escalator fails and foreign material stays in the lung

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12
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify pneumonia?

A

Anatomical - radiology
Aetiological
Microbiological

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13
Q

What are the 6 aetiological classifications of pneumonia?

A 
Community acquired 
Hospital acquired 
Immunocompromised eg HIV/AIDs, TB 
Atypical - caused by different bacteria 
Aspiration 
Recurrent - underlying problem
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14
Q

Name the 3 patterns of pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia
segmental
lobar

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15
Q

Hypostatic - what is it and who is most commonly affected?

A

Accumulation of fluid eg pulmonary oedema

Bed bound and elderly - gravity

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16
Q

Aspiration

A

After inhaling food, liquid or vomit

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17
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Often bilateral basal

More patchy and widespread

18
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of pleura

19
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Gathering of liquid in pleural space

20
Q

Empyema

A

Pockets of pus

21
Q

Organisation of pneumonia

A

Mass lesion

Fibrous tissue

22
Q

Lung abscess

A

Hole in the lung - aspiration
Obstructed bronchus - tumour
Metastatic in pyaemia
Necrotic lung

23
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Pathological dilation of bronchi

24
Q

What 4 things can cause bronchiectasis?

A

Severe infective episodes
Recurrent infections
Proximal bronchial obstruction
Lung parenchymal destruction

25
Q

What percentage of bronchiectasis start in childhood?

A

75%

26
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

Cough

abundant foul sputum

27
Q

What are the signs of bronchiectasis?

A

Coarse crackles

Clubbing

28
Q

What is used to diagnose and thereafter treat bronchiectasis?

A

Thin section CT

Postural drainage, antibiotics and surgery

29
Q

Name 4 ways in which the mechanisms in the respiratory tract are failing to give recurrent lung infection

A

Local bronchial constriction
Local pulmonary damage
Generalised lung disease
Non respiratory disease

30
Q

Local bronchial obstruction

A

Tumour, foreign body?

31
Q

Local pulmonary damage

A

Bronchiectasis

32
Q

Generalised lung disease

A

CF, COPD

33
Q

Non respiratory disease

A

HIV
Immunocompromised
Aspiration

34
Q

Name 5 things which cause aspiration pneumonia

A 
Vomiting
Oesophageal lesion 
obstetric anaesthesia 
neuromuscular disorders 
sedation
35
Q

Name the 2 types of bulk flow in airways

A

Laminar or turbulent

36
Q

Name the 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia

A

V/Q
Diffusion impairment
alveolar hypoventilation
shunt

37
Q

Do pulmonary vessels constrict or dilate if there is arterial hypoxaemia?

A

Constrict

38
Q

What is shunt?

A

Blood passing from right to left side of heart without contacting ventilated alveoli

39
Q

What % or perfusion is usually shunt?

A

2-4%

40
Q

Name 3 conditions with pathological shunt?

A

AV malformations
heart disease
pulmonary disease

41
Q

Why do large shunts respond poorly to increases in FI02?

A

Blood leaving the normal lungs is already 98% saturated

Respiratory Block (29 decks)

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