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Respiratory Block > Lower respiratory tract infection > Flashcards

Lower respiratory tract infection Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 lower respiratory tract infections

A 
acute bronchitis
exacerbation of COPD
Pneumonia 
empyema 
lung abscess 
bronchiectasis
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2
Q

List some symptoms of pneumonia

A

malaise, fever, purulent sputum, pleuritic chest pain, cough, dyspnoea

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3
Q

List some signs of pneumonia

A

pyrexia, tachpnoea, central cyanosis, dullness on percussion, bronchial breathing, increased resonance

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4
Q

Name the investigations for pneumonia

A 
serum biochemistry and full blood count
chest xray
blood cultures 
throat swab
sputum
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5
Q

What mostly causes pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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6
Q

What is the second leading cause of pneumonia?

A

H.influenzae

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7
Q

What does CURB65 stand for in the severity scoring of pneumonia?

A 
confusion
urea>7
respiratory rate>30
blood pressure<60
over 65
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8
Q

List the usual treatment plan for pneumonia

A

iv fluids
oxygen
antibiotics
CPAP

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9
Q

List some possible complications of pneumonia

A

septicaemia, empyema, ARDS, kidney failure

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10
Q

What are the 2 main thins that can follow pneumonia?

A

empyema and lung abscess

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11
Q

Is there a cough with empyema?

A

No

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12
Q

How is empyema diagnosed?

A

chest drain with pH<7.2

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13
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

dilated and damaged bronchi

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14
Q

What are some causes of bronchiectasis?

A

idiopathic
immotile cilia syndrome
CF

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15
Q

Why would dysfunctional cilia cause bronchiectasis?

A

Cannot get rid of the mucus and therefore collects and causes inflammation

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16
Q

What is the main sign of bronchiectasis?

A

finger clubbing

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17
Q

What is an unusual specific investigation of bronchiectasis?

A

CF genotyping

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18
Q

Name some treatment for bronchiectasis

A

chest physiotherapy
antibiotics
beta 2 agonist and inhaled corticosteroids

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19
Q

Name some organisms likely to result in cavitating pneumonia

A

staph aureus, pseudomonas and anaerobes

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20
Q

Name the 4 diagnostic techniques for microbiological diagnosis

A

sputum and blood
antigen detection
PCR
serology

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21
Q

What does PCR amplify?

A

Nucleic acids

22
Q

What does serology measure?

A

antibodies

23
Q

What does IgM indicate?

A

current infection

24
Q

What does IgG indicate?

A

previous infection

positive for life

25
Q

What 2 things are you looking for with gram stain?

A

organisms and pus cells

26
Q

Why is gram stain of limited value?

A

only tell you if it is gram positive or negative and not the specific organism

27
Q

Name the 3 major respiratory pathogens cultured overnight must know

A

strep pneumonia
H influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis

28
Q

What is a usual upper respiratory organism?

A

viridans strep

29
Q

Why are URT organisms found in LRT not usually significant?

A

Due to nasopharyngeal contamination

30
Q

What stain is used for TB?

A

ZN

31
Q

What are you looking for In TB?

A

AAFB

32
Q

What is a main thing to consider in the history for TB?

A

travel history

33
Q

In TB what is there an extended culture for?

A

mycobacteria

34
Q

what is bronchio-alveolar lavage?

A

Lower airway sample collected at bronchoscopy

35
Q

What can you measure with BAL?

A

quantitatively colony formation

36
Q

What is BAL used to diagnose?

A

ventilator associated pneumonia

37
Q

What severity of diseases are blood cultures used for?

A

Severe

38
Q

What is bacteraemia

A

viable bacteria in the blood

39
Q

Name the 4 organisms not easy to culture

A

legionella pneumophilia
mycoplasma pneumonia
chlamydia psittaci
coxiella burnetti

40
Q

Where does chlamydia psittaci come from?

A

birds

41
Q

What is the causative agent of Q fever?

A

coxiella burnetti

42
Q

What samples can viruses be detected in?

A

nasopharyngeal

43
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping

44
Q

What is latex agglutination?

A

latex particles and monoclonal antibodies

45
Q

What is the main feature of ELISA to indicate presence?

A

colour change due to enzyme

46
Q

Why are false positives common in PCR?

A

If there is contamination, especially early on, it will be amplified

47
Q

What is “real time” PCR?

A

Enables the product of reaction to be measured as the reaction progresses

48
Q

What is routinely screened for with PCR?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

49
Q

Name some respiratory viruses

A

influenza A/B
adenovirus
rhinovirus
parainfluenza

50
Q

What is rising titre?

A

When total antibody is measured there must be a significant increase in levels during the course of illness

51
Q

What 2 organisms are antigen tested in urine?

A

legionella

pneumococcal

Respiratory Block (29 decks)

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