pulm anatomy Flashcards
where is the apex of the lung located?
2.5 cm (1 inch) above the junction of the medial ⅓ and middle ⅓ of the clavicle
what vertebral level is the apex of the lung?
C7
what are the 3 vertical lines/axes?
midclavicular, midaxillary, and paravertebral lines
which rib is the inferior border of teh lung & visceral pleura?
6,8, 10
which rib is the inferior limit of the parietal pleura?
8,10, 12
if you wanted to listen to the middle lobe, where to place stethoscope?
4th intercostal space, midclavicular line
where should you remove fluid during thoracentesis?
posterior gutter
pancoast tumors affect which structures (3)?
- sympathetics
- brachial plexus
- subclavian vessels
in the right lung, pulmonary artery lies ____to the airway
anterior
in the left lung, pulmonary artery lies ____to the airway
superior
what level does trachea bifurcate at?
T4-T5
how long is the trachea?
10 cm
what are segmental bronchi?
tertiary bronchi (8 to the left, 10 to the right)
which type of bronchioles have alveoli associated with them?
respiratory
what is the true vocal cord lined by?
stratified squamous epithelium
what can happen in reinkes space?
can be a site of fluid accumulation
where is reinke’s space?
lamina propia of the vocal folds
larger or smaller airways will have more diverse cell types in the epithelium?
larger
what happens to goblet cells in smokers?
increase in #goblet cells
what type of cells are brush cells?
sensory cells
what type of cells in the respiratory epithelium?
ciliated, pseudostratified columnar
what are the layers of the trachea (6)?
- respiratory epithelium
- basal lamina
- lamina propria
- submucosa glands
- perichondrium
- hyaline cartilage
what are the contents of the intrapulm bronchus?
mucins, lactroferrin, lysozyme, IgA, alpha 1 antitrypsin, other protease inhibs
in asthma, mucus _______
increases
in asthma, there is ______thickness of basal lamina
increased
in asthma, there is _____thickness of lamina propria
increased
increased thickness of lamina propria in asthma is due to?
edema + emigration on inflammatory cells
in asthma, ______thickness of muscularis
incr
in asthma,_______#glands in submucosa
incr
what is the reid index used for and what is it?
bronchitis;
reid index = bc/ad
normal reid index?
under 0.4
reid index indicating chronic bronchitis?
> 0.5
75% of lung carcinoma develop from ________order bronchi
first, second, third
size of bronchiole
under 1 mm
what do bronchioles lack?
cartilage + submucosa
large bronchioles will have ______cells
goblet
club cells found in _____ and _____ bronchioles
terminal and respiratory
type 1 alveolar cells are _____, type 2 alveolar cells are cuboidal
simple squamous
what type of pneumocytes are the true defenders of the alveolus & the stem cells?
type 2
what type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant??
type 2
pancoast tumors found where?
superior pulm sulcus
what do club cells secrete?
surfactant-like substance
