lung pathology Flashcards
incomplete expansion of lungs (neonatal) or collapse of previously inflated lung substance
atelectasis
is atelectasis reversible
yes
name that atelectasis: follows complete airway obstruction; excessive secretions; mediastinal shift toward atelectatic lung
resorption
name that atelectasis: excessive air, fluid, blood, or tumor in pleural space; mediastinum shifts away from affected lung
compression
name that atelectasis: loss of surfactant, RDS, postsurgical
patchy
name that atelectasis: fibrosis around lung
contraction
which type of pulm edema is most common due to incr hydrostatic pressure?
hemodynamic PE
which type of pulm edema is due to injury of capillaries of alveolar septa?
microvascular injury
what is COPD clinically defined as?
emphysema + chronic bronchitis
small airway obstruction?
empysema
large airway obstruction?
chronic bronchitis
reversible obstrution
asthma
tobacco smoke is associated with which airway obstrcution diseases?
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis
which disease: Sx not apparent until 1/3 of pulmonary parenchyma incapacitated
emphysema
irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of airway walls but without obvious fibrosis*
emphysema
what is the most popular theory of alveolar wall destruction?
protease-antiprotease mechanism aided by oxidant-anti-oxidant imbalance
which typ of emphysema are the respiratory bronchioles most affected?
centriacinar emphysema
panacinar emphysema is most common in _____portions of lung?
basilar
which emphysema is associated w/ spontaneous pneumothorax?
distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema
which type of emphysema is assc’d with scarring?
irregular emphysema (airspace enlargement with fibrosis)
what type of emphysema can give rise to pneumothorax?
bullous emphysema
pursed lip breathing, severe emphysema, overventilate, but well oxygenated
pink puffers
chronic bronchitis, hypercapnia, purulent sputum, severe hypoxemia
blue bloaters
chronic inflammation of the airways
chronic bronchitis
the elastic recoil is low in _____, but normal in _____
the elastic recoil is low in emphysema, but normal in bronchitis
which small airway disease has increased prominence of smooth muscle?
chronic bronchiolitis
in tenacious mucus plugs of asthma, whorls of shed epithelium
Curschmann spirals
in tenacious mucus plugs of asthma, crystalloids made of eosinophilic proteins
Charcot-Leyden crystals
caused by destruction of muscle & elastic supporting tissue, resulting from or assoc. with chronic necrotizing infections.
bronchiectasis
is bronchiectasis reversible?
NO, irreverisble permanent damage
what conditions lead to bronchietasis?
CF, immunodeficiency, immotile cilia syndrome, kartagener syndrome
structural defect in cilia–>decr motility; loss of radial spokes
kartagener syndrome
what is the end stage result of lung disease?
honeycomb lung
Abrupt onset of significant hypoxemia & pulmonary infiltrates in absence of cardiac failure; spectrum
acute lung injury - ALI (AKA non-cardiogenic pulmonar edema)
severe acute lung injury with greater hypoxemia
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
what type of histology seen in ALI and ARDS
Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)
most common direct injuries that cause ALI
infectious agents (pneumonia); aspiration
most common indirect injuries that cause ALI
shock, sepsis
alveolar hyaline membranes assc’d with?
ARDS
accumulation of inflammatory & immune effector cells within alveolar walls & spaces
alveolitis
what is the hallmark of UIP?
patchy interstitial fibrosis, varying in intensity & age.
what is temporal heterogeneity?
early & late lesions at same time in idiopathic pulm fibrosis
exuberant fibroblastic proliferation found in early idiopathic pulm fibrosis
fibroblastic foci
how is the tx of UIP (or IPF) different that other pneumonitis?
it can only be resolved with a transplant (not responsive to steroids)
what is the most dangerous size of a particle that an be inhaled?
1-5 um
what is the key factor of inhaled dusts?
ability to stimulate fibrosis
coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis with a pneumoconiosis, → development of distinctive nodular pulmonary lesions
caplan syndrome
what is the most prevalent chronic occupational disease in the world?
silicosis
which pneumoconioses incr susceptibility to TB?
silicosis
serpentines & amphiboles
asbestos
are serpentines or amphiboles more pathogenic?
amphiboles
pulmonary parenchymal interstitial fibrosis resulting from inhalation of asbestos fibers
asbestosis
do serpentines or amphiboles relate to mesothelioma?
amphiboles
what is an asbestos body?
when fibers are coated by hemosiderin & glycoproteins to form dumbbell-shaped
