*Public Health

Question 1

What ar the 5 ways in which infection can be spread?

Answer 1

Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation (direct and indirect)
Mother to Infant
Intercourse
(some things can be spread by more than 1 I)

Question 2

What is direct inoculation?

Answer 2

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane of an infected person

Question 3

What is indirect inoculation?

Answer 3

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with a contaminated surface

Question 4

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 4

Pathogenic microorganism - reservoir - means of escape - mode of transmission - means of entry - host susceptibility
*breaking the chain at any point interrupts transmission

Question 5

Where is the reservoir of ebola?

Answer 5

Fruit bats in africa

Question 6

What are the 2 categories of control of infection precautions and what do they mean?

Answer 6

Standard (all patients all the time)
Transmission based (added on for known suspected infection)

Question 7

What are the 3 types of transmission based precautions?

Answer 7

Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Airborne precautions

Question 8

What are the 10 standard control of infection precautions?

Answer 8

Hand hygiene
Sharps management
Clinical waste
PPE
Patient placement
Body fluid spillages
Environmental cleanliness
Clean equipment
Laundry
Respiratory etiquette

Question 9

What are WHOs 5 moments of hand hygiene?

Answer 9

Before patient contact
Before aseptic task
After body fluid exposure risk
After patient contact
After contact with patient surroundings

Question 10

What enzyme do you swab for that gives a general indication of hygiene?

Answer 10

ATP

Question 11

What transmission based precautions are taken for infection spread via either ingestion or inoculation?

Answer 11

Contact

Question 12

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation droplet?

Answer 12

Droplet precautions

Question 13

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation airborne?

Answer 13

Airborne

Question 14

Types of contact precautions?

What infections for example are these used for?

Answer 14

Gloves
Apron
Single room or cohort bay

MRSA
C. diff
Norovirus

Question 15

Type of droplet precautions?

Example of infection this is used for?

Answer 15

Single room
Ensuite toilet/ shower
Gloves
Apron
Mask (surgical big drops)
Eye protection
Vaccination where available

Influenza

Question 16

Types of airborne precautions?

Example of infections it is used for?

Answer 16

Negative pressure room
Gown, gloves, apron, eye protection
FFP3 mask (filter mask)
Vaccination where available

Measles
Chickenpox

Question 17

What is epidemiology?

Answer 17

Study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations

Question 18

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

Answer 19

Mortality refers to the number of people who have died in a population where as morbidity refers to the number of people who are diseased

Question 20

Equation for mortality rate?

Answer 20

No of deaths / population at risk X 1000

Question 21

What is the crude death rate?

Answer 21

Mortality rate for the whole population

Question 22

What does the standardised mortality rate do?

Answer 22

Compares the expected rate with the observed rate

Question 23

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 23

Incidence is the number of new cases diagnosed in a population where as prevalence refers to the number of people in a population who have the disease at a set time

Question 24

Incidence rate equation?

Answer 24

Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period time / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that period of time (usually expressed per 1,000)

Question 25

Prevalence rate equation?

Answer 25

Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / number of persons at risk of having the disease at a point in time (usually expressed per 1,000)

Question 26

What are the 3 dimensions of wellbeing?

Answer 26

Emotional
Social
Psychological

Question 27

What are the 2 manifestations of protein energy malnutrition?

Answer 27

Kwashiorkor (oedema) - lack of high-quality protein

Marasmus (low weight/ wasting) - caused by a diet low in both protein and calories

Question 28

Manifestation of vitamin A deficiency? (2)

Answer 28

Blindness

Increased severity of diarrhoea and infection

Question 29

Manifestation of iodine deficiency?

Answer 29

Poor cognitive development

Question 30

Manifestation of iron deficiency? (3)

Answer 30

Anaemia, poor cognitive development, increased susceptibility to infection

Question 31

Manifestation of zinc deficiency? (2)

Answer 31

Growth failure

Increased severity of diarrhoea

Question 32

Manifestation of vitamin B1 deficiency? (2)

Answer 32

Peripheral nerves affected

Encephalopathy

Question 33

Manifestation of vitamin B2 deficiency (3)

Answer 33

Anaemia
Sores around mouth
Red and cracked lips

Question 34

Manifestation of vitamin B3 deficiency? (3)

Answer 34

Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dementia

Question 35

Manifestation of folate deficiency?

Answer 35

Anaemia

Question 36

Manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency? (2)

Answer 36

Anaemia

Neuropathy

Question 37

Manifestation of vitamin C deficiency? (4)

Answer 37

Bleeding gums
Coiled hair
Bruising
Scurvy

Question 38

Manifestation of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 38

Rickets

Question 39

What are the 10 cancers related to body fat?

Answer 39

Oesophagus
Pancreas
Ovary
Gallbladder
Colorectal
Breast
Endometrium
Kidney
Liver Prostate

Question 40

What does the Healthy Start Scheme provide?

Answer 40

Vitamin supplements and vouchers to buy fruit and veg to pregnant women less than 18 and on benefits - continues until the child is 4