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Study Notes - Principles > *Microbiology 2 (lecture 3) > Flashcards

*Microbiology 2 (lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What species are genus is gram negative cocci?

A

Niesseria spp.

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2
Q

What does Neisseria gonorrhoea cause?

A

Gonorrhoea

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3
Q

What does Neisseria meningitides cause?

A

Meningitis

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4
Q

What does Bordetella pertussis cause?

A

Whooping cough

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5
Q

What does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Exacerbation of COPD

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6
Q

What does E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and proteus sp. cause?

A

UTI and wound infection

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7
Q

What does Helicobacter sp. cause?

A

Gastritis

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8
Q

What does bactericides sp. cause?

A

Gut commensals

Wound infection

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9
Q

Are Neisseria sp. aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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10
Q

How does Neisseri appear on gram film?

A

in pairs (diplococci)

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11
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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12
Q

What are coliforms?

A

A term used to describe species of gram negative bacilli that look like E. coli on gram film and when cultured on blood agar (many are part of normal bowel flora)

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13
Q

What are 6 examples of cloakrooms?

A 
E. coli
Klebsiella sp.
Proteus sp.
Salmonella sp.
Shigella sp.
E. coli O157
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14
Q

Are coliforms aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Grow best aerobically but can also grow anaerobically

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15
Q

How are the coliforms differentiated from each other`/

A

Biochemcial reactions

Antigenic structure of cell wall (serotyping) - O antigens (cell wall) and H antigen (flagella)

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16
Q

Name 4 examples of gut commensal coliforms?

A

Most strains of E coli
Klebsiella spp.
Enterobacter spp.
Proteus spp.

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17
Q

3 examples of gut pathogen coliforms?

A

Salmonella spp
Shigella spp
Verotoxin (VTEC) producing E. coli

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18
Q

What are 2 examples of verotoxin producing E coli?

A

E coli O157

E coli O104

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19
Q

What is the first line antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

20
Q

why do patients with coliform sepsis become very unwell very quickly?

A

Due to the endotoxin released from he gram negative cell wall when the bacteria die

21
Q

What is the molecule which is the endotoxin in gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Released from cell wall when bacteria dies which is taken up by cells such as macrophages, which in turn release cytokines, setting off the inflammatory response to infection (and the sepsis pathway)

22
Q

Which gram negative bacilli are strict aerobes?

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophila (legionnaires disease)
23
Q

Which gram negative bacilli is a small curved bacilli?

A

Camylobacter

24
Q

What is an example of a spiral gram negative bacilli?

A

Helicobater sp.

25
Q

What is an example of a small gram negative (cocco) bacillus

A

Haemophillus influenzae

26
Q

What is the gram positive anaerobic bacilli?

A

Clostridium spp.

27
Q

Where is clostridium spp. normally found?

What allows it to survive outside the body for many months?

A

Normal bowel flora of man and animals

It produces spores

28
Q

What is the gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A

Bacteroides spp.

29
Q

where is the bactericides spp. normally found?

A

Many different species make up normal bowel flora

Usually non-pathogenic and will only cause infection if they get into a normally sterile site

30
Q

What is the first line treatment for infections by anaerobes?

A

Metronidazole

31
Q

What is the first line treatment for infections caused by clostridium spp.?

A

Metronidazole

32
Q

What is the first line treatment for infections caused by Bacteroides spp.?

A

Metronidazole

33
Q

How are mycobacteria stained?

A

e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis, have a thick waxy coat and therefore are stained either as acid fast bacilli or acid-alcohol fast bacilli

34
Q

What are spiral shaped bacteria that do not stain with gram stain?
2 examples

A

Spirochaetes e.g. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis), Borrelia burgdoferi (causes Lyme disease)

35
Q

What 2 types of DNA does bacteria have?

A

Chromosome

Extrachromosomal e.g. plasmid

36
Q

What creates genetic variation in bacteria? (2)

A

Mutation
Gene transfer
(this is important because resistance to antibiotics may develop and spread rapidly as a result of bacterial genetic variation)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of gene transfer?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

38
Q

What is transformation? (genetic variation)

A

DNA released from dead bacteria can be taken up by the living bacteria and incorporated into plaids or the bacterial chromosome

39
Q

What is conjugation? (genetic variation)

A

Bacterial “sex” - a sex pilus (fimbria) is produced by one bacteria through which plasmid DNA can be transferred

40
Q

What is transduction? (genetic variation)

A

Viruses that infect bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

41
Q

In terms of enzymes, what is one way by which bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Production of enzymes that destroy antibiotics before they have time to work

42
Q

What are 3 examples of enzymes that are produced by some bacteria = antibiotic resistance along with what antibiotics they are resistant to?

A

Beta-lactamase (early penicillins e.g. amoxicillin)
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL- resistance to all the penicillins and cephalosporins)
Carbapenemase (resistance to all penicillin, all cephalosporins and the carbapenems - antibiotic of last resort)

43
Q

In terms of binding sites, what is another cause of antibiotic resistance?

A

Altered antibiotic binding sites - antibiotics can’t bind

44
Q

What causes MRSA?

A

Alteration of the penicillin binding protein = staph aureus becomes resistant to flucloxacillin

45
Q

What is the common mechanism of resistance in fungi such as Candida spp.?

A

Up-regulation of efflux pumps

Study Notes - Principles (39 decks)

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