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Study Notes - Principles > *Pathology (6) > Flashcards

*Pathology (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main points that pathologists want to find out from a cancer resection?

A

Is it out?
What is it?
How far has it gone?
How bad is it? (how malignant is it behaving)

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2
Q

What does the presence of a capsule around a neoplasia indicate?

A

It is slow growing - slow growing usually = benign (the body has tried to fence it off from surrounding tissue)

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3
Q

Are malignant tumours normally homogenous or heterogenous?

A

Heterogenous - different areas of the tumour look different

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4
Q

What is the N:C ratio?

A

Nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio

A ratio of the size of the nucleus compared to the cytoplasm

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5
Q

N:C ratio in cancer?

A

High

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6
Q

What type of cells do cells originate from?

A

stem cells (cells then receive various signals to mature into a specific cell type with a specific function - they differentiate)

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7
Q

Poorly differentiated cells?

A

Difficult to tell what the cell of origin is

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8
Q

What does hyperchromasia mean?

A

Increased pigment - increased staining capacity - usually highly active cells

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9
Q

What are the main groups of cells that cancer forms in? (4)

A

Epithelial
Mesenchymal (connective tissue)
Haematopoietic (cells that circulate blood)
Others - melanocytic, brain (glial)

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10
Q

What tissues do carcinomas affect

A

Epithelium

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11
Q

Benign tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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12
Q

Cancerous tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

Benign tumour of squamous epithelium?

A

Papilloma

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14
Q

Malignant tumour of squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

Malignant tumour of bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma - sometimes called urothelial cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What is mesenchymal tissue?

A

Connective tissues e.g. bone, cartilage, peripheral nerves, fat, fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, etc.

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17
Q

What are mesenchymal malignancies called?

A

Sarcomas

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18
Q

Benign tumour of fat?

A

Lipoma

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19
Q

Malignant tumour of fat?

A

Liposarcoma (e.g. retroperitoneum, testicular - rare)

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20
Q

Benign tumour of bone?

A

Osteoma

21
Q

Malignant tumour of bone?

A

Osteosarcoma

22
Q

Benign tumour of cartilage?

A

Enchondroma

23
Q

Malignant tumour of cartilage?

A

Chondrosarcoma

24
Q

Benign tumour of skeletal muscle?

A

Rabdomyoma

25
Q

Malignant tumour of skeletal muscle?

A

Rabdomyosarcoma

26
Q

Benign tumour of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyoma

27
Q

Benign tumour of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

28
Q

Benign tumour of nerves? (2)

A

Neurofibroma, schwannoma

29
Q

Malignant tumour of nerves?

A

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

30
Q

Benign tumour of blood vessels?

A

Haemangioma, etc.

31
Q

Malignant tumour of blood vessels? (2)

A

Angiosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma

32
Q

What are CNS cancers?

A

Gliomas

33
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Melanin-producing cells

34
Q

What is an ephelis?

A

Freckle

35
Q

What is a navus?

A

Mole

36
Q

What are cancers formed from melanocytes?

A

Melanomas

37
Q

What does cancer stage describe?

A

way of describing the size of a cancer and how far it has grown.

38
Q

What type of classification of cancer tells you how far it has spread?

A

Stage

39
Q

What type of classification tells you how bad (how malignant) the cancer is?

A

Grade

40
Q

What does tumour grade tell you about a cancer?

A

How bad the cancer is (how abnormal the cells are)

41
Q

Relation between differentiator and grade?

A

Well differentiated = low grade and vice versa

42
Q

What is weight loss caused by cancer called?

A

Cachexia (weight loss due to severe illness)

43
Q

Why do patients with cancer get weight loss?

A

The tumour use energy to grow but also produce all sorts of molecules that result in increased metabolism throughout the body (mainly TNF)

44
Q

What is often the cause of sudden death in patients with known cancer?

A

Invasion of a large vessel

45
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

A syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of cancer in the body but that, unlike mass effect, is not due to the local presence of cancer cells - often due to hormones and cytokines released by the tumour affecting the immune system e.g. high calcium, low sodium

46
Q

What is osteoarthropathy?

A

Combination of clubbing arthritis, and periostitis in hands (paraneoplastic)

47
Q

Example of symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Osteoarthropathy
Unusual neurological symptoms
Skin rash
Fever (abnormal production of pyrogens)

48
Q

What symptoms can bone metastases have?

A

Pathological fracture
Calcium metabolism (high calcium = arrhythmia)
Kidney problems

Study Notes - Principles (39 decks)

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