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Study Notes - Principles > *Anatomy - Endocrine System > Flashcards

*Anatomy - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gland responsible for?

A

Manufacturing, storing and releasing at least 1 specific hormone

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2
Q

What happens do a hormone that is released by an endocrine gland?

A

It is secreted into the bloodstream to act at a distant target site(s) (cells displaying the correct receptor for the hormone are its target site)

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3
Q

What triggers a physiological response in the target cells?

A

Hormone binding to receptor

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4
Q

What type of processes do hormones control? (duration or speed)

A

Processes that require duration of action rather than speed of action (nervous system)

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5
Q

Why must the blood level of a hormone be controlled within the normal range?

A

To achieve homeostasis

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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of the bodies’ physiological parameters relatively constant despite opposing external influences (conditions are necessary for normal cellular function)

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7
Q

What type of feedback mechanism almost always controls hormone levels?

A

Negative feedback

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine gland tumours?

A 
Functioning = too much hormone secreted
Non-functioning = tumour destroys gland and too little hormone secreted
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9
Q

Apart from a tumour, how else may hormone negative feedback go wrong? (2)

A

Target cells sensitivity to hormone may change

Inappropriate magnitude of cellular activity

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10
Q

2 main endocrine glands in the head?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
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11
Q

5 main endocrine glands in the head?

A

4 parathyroid glands

Thyroid gland

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12
Q

3 main endocrine glands in the abdomen?

A

2 adrenal (suprarenal) glands and the pancreas

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13
Q

2 main endocrine glands in the female pelvis?

A

2 ovaries

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14
Q

2 main endocrine glands in the male pelvis?

A

2 testes

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15
Q

What forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain?

A

The diencephalon

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16
Q

What are the 2 parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla (Oblongata)

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18
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the skull?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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19
Q

What anatomically and functionally connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

The infundibulum

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20
Q

What is the pituitary anatomically and functionally divided into?

A

The anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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21
Q

Where do the axons of the hypothalamic neurones pass?

A

Down the infundibulum into the posterior pituitary

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22
Q

What 2 hormones does the hypothalamic neurones manufacture?

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)
(also releasing hormones or release-inhibitory hormones)

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23
Q

What are oxytocin and vasopressin transported to the posterior pituitary within?

A

The axoplasm (cytoplasm of the axons) by axoplasmic transport

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24
Q

In terms of the anterior pituitary, what does the hormones released from from the hypothalamic neurones either do?

A

Stimulate or prevent the anterior pituitary releasing hormones into the bloodstream

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25
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?(6)

A 
GH (growth hormone)
Prolactin (milk production)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocoricotrophic hormone)
LH (lutenising hormone - gonads)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone -ovaries)
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26
Q

How does the releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones pass into the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hormones are released into the hypophyseal portal system
These drain blood from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary capillary beds (blood contains the release/ inhabiting hormones)

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27
Q

What drains venous blood from the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

The hypophyseal veins which eventually drains the blood to the SVC

28
Q

What is a portal system?

A

When a capillary bed lies between 2 sets of veins

29
Q

Name 2 portal systems?

A

Hepatic portal system

Hypophyseal portal system

30
Q

What is the “master gland” of the body?

Why is it called this?

A

The pituitary gland

It controls the output of hormones from many other endocrine glands

31
Q

What are the anatomical parts of the thyroid gland?

A

right lobe
left lobe
Isthmus

32
Q

what is the name given to an enlarged thyroid gland?

A

A goitre (will move superiorly and then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing)

33
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones?

What does the thyroid gland use to manufacture these?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

34
Q

What do thyroid hormones regulate and stimulate?

A

Regulate metabolism and stimulate growth

35
Q

What thyroid hormone can we not live without?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

36
Q

What is a dietary cause of a goitre?

A

Dietary lack of iodine

37
Q

Where are the 4 parathyroid glands located in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

On the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland’s lobes

38
Q

What are the names of the 4 parathyroid glands?

A

Right superior and inferior

Left superior and inferior

39
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glands manufacture and secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

What does PTH control?

A

The amount of calcium in blood and bone (cannot live without PTH)

41
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right and left interior thyroid arteries (branch from the subclavian arteries)
Right and left superior thyroid arteries (branches of right and left common carotid arteries)
Other brand from the the right common carotid artery midline

42
Q

What drains blood from the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right and left superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins (branches from the internal jugular veins and the left brachiocephalic vein

43
Q

What lies posterior to the pancreas?

A

The aorta and IVC

44
Q

What lies to the patients left - the aorta or IVC?

A

IVC (aorta on right)

45
Q

Is the pancreas under control from the pituitary gland?

A

No

46
Q

What are the 2 anatomically and functionally distinct parts of the pancreas?

A

The endocrine pancreas Islets of Langerhans)

The exocrine pancreas

47
Q

What is the role of the endocrine pancreas?

A

It manufactures at least 6 hormones which are secreted into the blood (e.g. insulin is secreted into the venous blood in response to islet cells detecting increased blood glucose)

48
Q

What is the purpose of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Manufactures digestive enzymes and secretes them (plus electrolytes) via a duct system into the duodenum

49
Q

What are the 2 anatomically and functionally discrete endocrine parts?

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

50
Q

What 3 hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (release is under control of pituitary ACTH)
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

51
Q

What 2 hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
(Fight or flight response)

52
Q

What 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex can we not live without?

A

Glucocorticoids (minerals)

Mineralocorticoids (blood pressure control)

53
Q

What are the 2 paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Adrenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries

54
Q

What are the names of the 3 arteries that supply each adrenal gland?

A

Right/ left superior suprarenal artery
Middle suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery

55
Q

What is the superior suprarenal artery formed from?

A

Continuation of adrenal artery which branches bilaterally from the aorta

56
Q

What is the middle suprarenal artery formed from?

A

It branches directly from the aorta

57
Q

What is the inferior suprarenal artery formed from?

A

Bach of renal artery

58
Q

What is the menus drainage of the right adrenal gland?

A

Right suprarenal vein which drains directly into the the IVC

59
Q

Where does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

The left renal vein

60
Q

What dos the testes secrete?

In response to what?

A

Testosterone

LH from the anterior pituitary

61
Q

What does the ovaries secrete (2)?

In response to what? (2)

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

62
Q

What provides arterial drainage of the gonads?

A

The gonadal arteries (paired branches of the abdominal aorta)

63
Q

where does the gonads venous blood drain into?

A

Right gonad = directly into the IVC

Left gonad = left renal vein

64
Q

What is the roles of testosterone and oestrogen? (3)

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics, promote the closure of epiphyseal growth plates and stimulate sperm and ovum development

65
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

To prepare the uterus for pregnancy

Study Notes - Principles (39 decks)

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